African Americans Flashcards
Radical republicans
Thaddeus Stevens
Believed that blacks were a vital part of the American economy - believed everyone had the right to follow the American dream.
Andrew Johnson
1865-1869
Very negative president.
Wanted to readmit southern states to the union.
Issued pardons to southern rebels.
Operated in the times of the radical republicans in congress and an impeachment attempt was made.
Didn’t do much to oppose black codes in 1866.
Frederick Douglas
Early African American leader with limited impact.
Freedman’s Bureau
Set up by the federal government in 1865 in order to support freed slaves. Not supported by the the president.
Closed in 1872 due to dwindling numbers and lack of support from radical republicans in congress.
After bureau closed the fear of violence was real and prevented AAs from imitating their own changes.
Early African American voting.
Initially was hopeful and republicans won support from blacks.
Black codes and physical violence stopped blacks from voting in the south.
The compromise.
1877.
Ended the federal protection of the south by withdrawing troops.
Figures for black land ownership in the early period.
3 million acres of land - 1875
15 million acres of land - 1915
Economic situation of blacks 1877-1915
Development of black parallel business began some sort of independence from sharecropping and a black middle class began to develop. Ghettos formed by those migrating north.
Jim Crow laws.
1876-1965
State legalised segregation.
Part of an idea of social Darwinism (whites>all)
Plessy v. Ferguson
1896 - separate but equal. Set a legal precedent.
Early development of black voting in the south.
Grandfather clauses + literacy tests removed black voting rights.
Supported by Mississippi v. Williams 1896 rules grandfather clauses legal.
Thedore Roosevelt
Passing interest in AA civil rights.
President Taft
Passing interest in AA civil rights.
Ida. B wells
1884 - challenged the ideas around lynching and had to move to New York for fear of her life.
Booker T Washington
Self help/accommodation Atlanta speech: 1895
Set up the Tuskegee institute : 1881 to educate freedmen
Criticised by du bois.
Du bois
Niagara movement : 1905
Springfield race riot 1908 -> formation of the NAACP 1909
World War 1
Increased employment opportunities in the north - increased northern migration
Blacks experienced integrated society abroad
1914
Race riots in Chicago
1919
Black consciousness
Acute awareness and emphasis on AA heritage and background
Harlem Renaissance
1920 burst of popularity of black arts
- black pride
- black middle class developing
Markus Garvey
1914
Universal negro improvement association - UNIA
Return to Africa
Elitist
Popular movement 1921 - up to 75,000 members
Black eagle star steamship line - supported black business although was unsuccessful
Racial identity - pan African philosophy
Negro world - 1918 popular publication
Revival of the ku klux klan
1915
Less focused on blacks after 1922
Glorified birth of the nation 1915 - supported by Woodrow Wilson
Herbert Hoover
1927 won AA support but actively attempted to elect a racist SC judge (blocked by congress)
Franklin d Roosevelt
1932
Involved in the new deal
Southern democrats in congress blocked progress
New deal helped AA to some extent however black employment remained high
