African American rights Flashcards
Name three factors which Johnson wanted to included in achieving equality for African Americans.
- All Southerners prepared to swear oath of allegiance to receive Amnesty
- All required to ratify 13th Amendment (freeing slaves)
- All property bar slaves to be returned
- Civil and Military leaders not pardoned
- Slaves given land- Special Field Order #15 ‘Forty acres and a mule’
What was the reality of Johnsons Plan? Name Five factors
13,000 Southern rebels pardoned- far more than suggested
Abandoned punishment of rebel leaders and politicians
Allowed above to return to office
Failed to enforce ratification of 13th Amendment
Land given under Special Order #15 revoked as rebels pardoned. Share cropping develops.
Freedmen’s Bureau set up in 1865 but limited - 1 agent per 10,000 - 20,000 men. Education = key impact.
Disease- smallpox, cholera, yellow fever, pneumonia.
Name five positive impacts the Freedman’s Bureau of 1865
Starting to introduce equal rights. They have citizenship Not slaves Right to vote KKK act passed Radical Republicans demands
Name five negative impacts of the freedman’s Bureau.
They can sue, however, there was little chance of finding a black lawyer to represent you.
They can’t marry white people
Forbade serving as jury
Not able to vote due to poll tax. Due to loopholes in the American government.
A large majority of southern states refused to ratify the 13th Amendment.
Name five impacts of the Jim Crow Laws
Few southerners blacks were able to vote or become political leaders and represent their communities at state or national.
There was little political opportunity, or public support, for legislation to be passed to benefit black people.
This political ineffectiveness reinforced images of black inferiority and white superiority.
Many southern blacks accepted the situation as being too difficult to change (and anyway it was better than slavery.)
Neither the federal government nor the supreme court enforced the spirit of the Amendment, since there was no political pressure to do so.
Who was Booker T Washington?
Born a slave on a Virginia farm, Washington (1856-1915) rose to become one of the most influential African-American intellectuals of the late 19th century. In 1881, he founded the Tuskegee Institute, a black school in Alabama devoted to training teachers. Washington was also behind the formation of the National Negro Business League 20 years later, and he served as an adviser to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Although Washington clashed with other black leaders such as W. E. B. Du Bois and drew ire for his seeming acceptance of segregation, he is recognized for his educational advancements and attempts to promote economic self-reliance among African Americans.
What was the NAACP?
Led by blacks and whites
National organisation with branches across the USA
Focuses on civil rights rather than social conditions and its secretary in the 1920s, James Welson Johnson, targeted desegregation voting rights and education
These themes were continued by the new secretary, Walter White in the 1930s
What was the significant court case in 1896?
Plessy Vs Ferguson
Homer Plessy was a light-skinned mulatto legally classed as black who sued after being denied a seat in all-white railway carriage. The justices decided 8-1 against him that the segregation was constitutional. It ruled that separation didn’t mean inferior ; this created a legal precedent for future cases. “Separate but equal”
What is the key piece of legislation Franklin D Roosevelt released during the Great Depression? What dates were they?
The New Deal- The first New Deal Programme 1933-1934 (alphabet agencies)
The second New Deal Programme 1935-1938
What were the aims of the New Deal? And how were they going to be achieved?
The aims were:
To relieve human suffering
Promote economic recovery
By:
Correcting the financial crisis
Offering initial short-term relief to the unemployed
Promoting industrial recovery by increased government spending and by cooperative agreements between govt., Industry and unions.
“We are going to make a country in which no one is left out” FDR
Name Five Acts within the New Deal
Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)
Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)
Civilian Conservation Corps
(CCC)
Federal Housing Administration
(FHA)
Works Progress Administration (WPA) & Wagner Act 1935
Social Security Act (SSA) 1935
Impact on the New Deal
Helped by providing one million jobs, nearly 50,000 housing units and financial assistance
Governmental assistance allowed sharecroppers to become independent farmers.
Impact of Eleanor Roosevelt- black women causes working rights for women and the declaration of Human Rights. Leads to an increase in democratic support from AAs
What is was the impact for African Americans within the World War?
Growth in Membership post-1915 impact of ww1 within the NAACP
How does the cold war + aftermath of ww11 affect his policies
Explain Little Rock and the date
1957
The Little Rock nine were a group of nine
African American students who-enrolled in little Rock central High School
These students were originally prevented from attending the school. As it was racially segregated and were only allowed to enter after an intervention from President Eisenhower. Unconstitutional.
Fifty state troopers were ordered to protect the students to mob
Effects and impacts
September 1958, a year after central high was integrated, governor Faubus closed Little rock’s high school
Explain the Birmingham Protest and the date
Birmingham Protest
April 3rd - May 10th 1963
What happened
Movement organised in 1963, Southern Christian Leadership conference= bring attention to the integration of African Americans in Birmingham, Alabama.
Birmingham most segregated city in the country, by MLK
Protest began with a boycott led by shuttlesworth meant to pressure business leaders to open employment to people of all races, and end segregation in public facilities, restaurants, schools and stores.
SCLC agreed to assist in the boycott after it was resisted by business and governmental leaders Shuttlesworth and Wyatt Tee Walker (organiser of SCLC) began ‘Project C’ a series of sit ins and marches intended to provoke mass arrests.
Campaign tactics focused on more narrowly defined goals for the downtown shopping and government district- goals included desegregation.
