Africa since 1945

Question 1

What inspired African decolonization?

Answer 1

Asian independence movements, such as India.

Question 2

Who was Kwame Nkrumah?

Answer 2

Leader of the Convention People’s Party. Independence 1957. Coup in 1966 to gain independence. The Gold Coast became Ghana. There wasn’t a significant Euro population there.

Question 3

Why was Nkrumah overthrown?

Answer 3

Talked about a United States of Africa, didn’t want neocolonialism. Started a marketing board (you can only sell to one buyer). It was unpopular.

Question 4

When did Nigeria gain Independence?

Answer 4

1960

Question 5

How many coups d’états by 2006 in Africa?

Answer 5

150

Question 6

Who was Julius Nyerere?

Answer 6

President of Tanzania 1966-85. RETIRED

Question 7

Why did Nyerere fail?

Answer 7

His socialism was forced. He started villagization that made people go back to farming. Switched from subsistence to cash crop, food needed to be imported

Question 8

Outline Congo independence

Answer 8

Pressure from the UN in the 1950s

Belgian crackdown on independence movement

Hasty withdrawal starting in 1959.

Negotiations for handover in Jan 1960 -independent by June

Question 9

Why did the country quickly fall to dictatorship?

Answer 9

Only 12 university grads in the whole country. Violence broke out.

Question 10

Who was Patrice Lumumba?

Answer 10

First Prime Minister of Congo. Accepted aid from USSR.. Split with Mobutu led to his capture and execution, possibly with US help.

Question 11

Who was Joseph Mobutu?

Answer 11

US backed dictator of Zaire from 1966-97. Got Cold War aid from US. One of the world’s richest men.

Question 12

What was the Mau Mau Rebellion?

Answer 12

1950s Kenyan group that terrorized the country with massacres and savagery. The British put them down via divide and conquer - turn members against their own. British leave in 1963 and turn country over to loyalists

Question 13

Outline economy after 1960.

Answer 13

2-3% GNP growth each year. Some manufacturing.

Lacked diversity - exports from farms and mines. Lots of debt from IMF.

Question 14

Why were Angola and Mozambique colonies for so long?

Answer 14

They had a large settler population that was established for hundreds of years. They were poor, so neocolonial option not good.

Question 15

How did black Africans view the Central African Union?

Answer 15

As moderated white supremacy.

Question 16

Who was Ian Smith

Answer 16

Declared Unilateral Independence from Britain for Rhodesia. Banned ZANU and ZAPU parties.

Question 17

What percent of Rhodesia was white?

Answer 17

4%

Question 18

Who is Robert Mugabe

Answer 18

President of Zimbabwe. Tried reconciliation with whites at first, but then blamed whites for problems.

Question 19

When was the Afrikaaner Nationalist Party elected?

Answer 19

1948

Question 20

What was Petty Apartheid?

Answer 20

Intermarriage outlawed, ID cards for blacks or you go to jail. Black were being educated to be servants, they thought. Were like guest workers in own country.

Question 21

What was Grand Apartheid?

Answer 21

10 Bantu Homelands where blacks live. 13% of the land for 75% of the population. The land was shit. Blacks had to leave their zones to find work.

Question 22

When was the ANC founded and who inspired it

Answer 22

1912, the INC

Question 23

What did the ANC propose with Freedom Charter?

Answer 23

A constitution, non-violent methods.

Question 24

When was sharpville, what happened

Answer 24

1960. A Massacre of 69 protesters among several thousand who were against the Pass Laws.

Question 25

When was the ANC outlawed and Mandela imprisoned?

Answer 25

1964, then ANC becomes insurgency

Question 26

What were the Soweto Uprisings?

Answer 26

1976 Protests by South African students against Language Laws that would make Afrikaans the language used. Thousands killed.

Question 27

Outline ANC insurgency

Answer 27

Bases in Zambia, Angola, Tanzania. Revitalized by 1976 exiles. Infiltrate SA and make townships ungovernable

Question 28

What reforms steps did President Botha (SA) make towards Apartheid?

Answer 28

Got rid of pass books 1983, Invited Mandela for tea 1989

Question 29

What did President DeKlerk do to end Apartheid?

Answer 29

In Feb 1990 he frees Mandela, legalized all parties. General election in April 1994 elect Mandela (94-99)

Question 30

Origins of Rwanda genocide

Answer 30

Former Belgian Colony - use ID cards to identify Hutu and Tutsi

Bantu Hutu majority, but Belgians used Tutsi minority to run the country.

Hutu social revolution in 1959 hands the country to Hutu majority.

Question 31

What happened leading up to the Rwandan Genocide?

Answer 31

There were killings of Hutu in nearby Burundi by the Tutsi majority there (1990), but Tutsi are a minority in Rwanda. Hutu exiles from Burundi live in Rwanda.

Tutsi Rwandan Patriotic Force invade Northern Rwanda Oct. 1990.

First Hutu President in Burundi is assassinated Oct. 1993

President of Rwanda - Habyarimana was assassinated when a rocket shot down his plane. Hutu use this as a pretext to begin killing Tutsi.

Question 32

Outline Rwandan Genocide

Answer 32

Well-prepared plan. Hutu eliminate Hutu moderates first by checking ID cards

Call Tutsi cockroaches.

Most people killed with machetes - 700,000

UN troops had been reduced.

RPF invasion in July stopped the killed, 2 million Hutu flee to Congo.