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British Empire 1857-1890 > Africa > Flashcards

Africa Flashcards

1
Q

What was sought from Africa in the second half of the 19th century?

A
  • coal
  • iron
  • timber
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2
Q

Precious commodities in Africa offered an opportunity to replace wealth obtained from what?

A

The slave trade

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3
Q

Occupying new territories in Africa became increasingly important to what?

A
  • secure trade routes
  • enforce the ban on slaves
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4
Q

Who was the first European to visit Victoria Falls?

A

David Livingstone

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5
Q

David Livingstone was the first European to visit what?

A

Victoria Falls

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6
Q

Who were the first Europeans to visit the Great African Lakes?

A

Burton and Speke

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7
Q

Burton and Speke were the first Europeans to visit what?

A

The Great African Lakes

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8
Q

When was the Brussels conference?

A

1876

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9
Q

What conference was in 1876?

A

The Brussels Conference

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10
Q

The Brussels Conference was used to justify what?

A

European intervention in Africa

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11
Q

Where were coastal defences built?

A
  • Gold Coast
  • Sierra Leone
  • Gambia
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12
Q

Why had the Cape been seized?

A
  • Napoleonic wars
  • temperate climate
  • protect sea route to the east
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13
Q

Who did Britain seize the Cape from?

A

The Dutch

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14
Q

What did explorers discover?

A
  • gold
  • palm oil
  • diamonds
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15
Q

When was the Berlin conference?

A

1884-5

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16
Q

By 1884, what % of Africa was still under local control?

A

80%

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17
Q

By what year was 80% of Africa still under local control?

A

1884

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18
Q

What did the Berlin Conference do?

A

Tried to regulate European expansion in Africa

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19
Q

What was agreed upon in the Berlin Conference?

A
  • established spheres of influence across Africa
  • should help protect indigenous people and enforce the ban on the slave trade
  • should support religious, scientific or charitable undertakings
  • effective occupation
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20
Q

What is effective occupation?

A

Powers could assert a claim to land that it effectively occupied and notify other powers

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21
Q

Powers could assert a claim to land that it effectively occupied and notify other powers

A

Effective occupation

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22
Q

By 1900, what % of Africa was under European control?

A

90%

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23
Q

By what year was 90% of Africa under European control?

A

1900

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24
Q

Why was the Berlin Conference successful?

A

Enabled European countries to expand their empires with minimal risk of conflict with each other

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25
Q

Why was the Berlin conference unsuccessful?

A
  • no African representatives present
  • European mistreatment of natives ignored
  • borders mapped out without regard for ethnic, religious or linguistic division
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26
Q

Why was the Brussels Conference unsuccessful?

A

Increased competition rather than cooperation as powers became suspicious of Belgium’s intentions in holding the conference

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26
Q

When was gold discovered in Witwatersrand?

A

1886

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27
Q

Where was gold discovered in 1886?

A

Witwatersrand

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28
Q

What did the discovery of gold in Witwatersrand encourage?

A
  • increase in migrants, particularly from Britain
  • British ambitions in the area
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29
Q

When were diamonds discovered in Kimberley?

A

1867

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30
Q

What was discovered in Kimberley in 1867?

A

Diamonds

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31
Q

Where were diamonds discovered in 1867?

A

Kimberley

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32
Q

When did the North Borneo Trading Company receive their charter?

A

1881

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33
Q

What chartered company received their charter in 1881?

A

The North Borneo Trading Company

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34
Q

What goods did the North Borneo Trading Company secure?

A
  • coal
  • iron
  • copper
  • coffee
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35
Q

Why was North Borneo important?

A
  • Key strategic site
  • Mid-point between India and Hong Kong
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36
Q

Which explorer became the Sultan of Zanzibar?

A

John Kirk

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37
Q

What did John Kirk do as the Sultan of Zanzibar?

A
  • outlawed the slave trade
  • stimulated economy
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38
Q

What did Mary Slessor do in Africa?

A

fought to end the practice of killing twins

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39
Q

Who owned the Royal Niger Company?

A

George Goldie

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40
Q

George Goldie owned what chartered company?

A

Royal Niger Company

41
Q

What territory did the Royal Niger Company enable Britian to claim at the Berlin Conference?

A

both northern and southern Niger

42
Q

When was Bartle Frere appointed Governor of the Cape Colony?

A

1877

43
Q

When did Bartle Frere provoke a law with the zulus?

A

1878

44
Q

Why did Bartle Frere provoke a law with the zulus?

A

Considered them an obstacle to federation

45
Q

Why was Bartle Frere removed from his position?

A
  • humiliating defeat at Isandhlwana
  • the war’s high cost
46
Q

What did the Parliamentary Select Committee recommend in 1865?

A

Withdrawal from West Africa on the grounds of cost

47
Q

When did the Parliamentary Select Committee recommend withdrawal from West Africa on the grounds of cost?

A

1865

48
Q

Who recommended withdrawal from West Africa on the grounds of cost?

A

Parliamentary Select Committee

49
Q

What did Bartle Frere do in 1877?

A
  • annexed the Transvaal
  • provoked war on the zulus
50
Q

What resulted from war with the Zulus?

A
  • defeat at Isandhlwana
  • conservative defeat in 1880 general election
51
Q

What did the Boer Republics do in 1880?

A

Declared independence

52
Q

What did the Boer’s declaration of independence do?

A

provoked the First Boer War

53
Q

Where were the British defeated by the Boers in 1881?

A

Majuba Hill

54
Q

When were the British defeated at Majuba hill?

A

1881

55
Q

How did Gladstone respond to the defeat at Majuba hill?

A

Refused to commit further time, troops or money to uphold British position in Africa

56
Q

Where did the Mahdist Rebellion take place?

A

Sudan

57
Q

How did Gladstone respond to the Mahdist rebellion?

A
  • urged withdrawal of Anglo- Egyptian troops
  • said that the Sudanese were ‘rightly struggling to be free’
58
Q

What were the names of the 2 Boer republics?

A
  • Transvaal
  • Orange Free State
59
Q

When did Britain annex Basutoland?

A

1868

60
Q

What excuse did Britain give for annexing Basutoland?

A

Africans were seeking protection from the Boers

61
Q

Where is Kimberley located?

A

West Griqualand

62
Q

When did Britain annex West Griqualand?

A

1871

63
Q

Where did Britain annex in 1871?

A

West Griqualand

64
Q

Where did Britain annex in 1868?

A

Basutoland

65
Q

What did the Griquas establish in 1873?

A

East Griqualand

66
Q

Why did the Griquas establish East Griqualand?

A

To escape racial prejudice

67
Q

When did the Griquas establish East Griqualand?

A

1873

68
Q

When did Britain annex East Griqualand?

A

1874

69
Q

Where did Britain annex in 1874?

A

East Griqualand

70
Q

What did the British propose to the Boers in 1875?

A

A federation of British and Boer territories

71
Q

What was the Boer response to the British proposal of a federation?

A

Refused

72
Q

In the late 1870s, which groups were the Boers unsuccessfully defending their territory against?

A

The Pedi and the Zulus

73
Q

In what period were the Boers unsuccessful in defending their territory against the Pedi peoples?

A

Late 1870s

74
Q

When did Britain annex the Transvaal?

A

1877

75
Q

What excuse did Britain give for annexing the Transvaal?

A

Protect Boers from Zulus and Pedi peoples

76
Q

What was the name of the peace treaty after the First Boer War?

A

Pretoria Convention

77
Q

What did the Pretoria Convention state?

A

Boer self-government in the Transvaal, but British control over external affairs

78
Q

When did Germany arrive in the South- West of Africa?

A

1884

79
Q

What country arrived in the south-west of Africa in 1884?

A

Germany

80
Q

What did Britain fear might happen in the south-west of Africa?

A

Boer- German alliance

81
Q

What did Britain do to prevent a Boer- German alliance?

A

Annexed Bechuanaland

82
Q

Why did Britain annex Bechuanaland?

A

To prevent a Boer- German alliance

83
Q

What was Cecil Rhodes’ ultimate aim for the empire?

A

Continuous British land route from the Cape to the Cairo

84
Q

Who were the Bantus?

A

Indigenous people who spoke the Bantu languages

85
Q

Examples of the poor treatment of the Bantus

A
  • land eroded by settlers
  • did not see any profit from mining
  • Segregated
86
Q

What was the name of Rhodes’ company?

A

British South Africa Company

87
Q

Who owned the British South Africa Company?

A

Cecil Rhodes

88
Q

Who was Cecil Rhodes?

A

PM of the Cape Colony 1890-96

89
Q

When was Cecil Rhodes PM of the Cape Colony?

A

1890-96

90
Q

Who was sent to oversee the evacuation of troops from Sudan during the Mahdist rebellion?

A

General Gordon

91
Q

What was General Gordon sent to Sudan to do?

A

Oversee the evacuation of troops

92
Q

When was a counter-attack launched against the Mahdists?

A

1883

93
Q

When was General Gordon killed?

A

1885

94
Q

What did Gladstone do in response to General Gordon’s death?

A

Nothing

95
Q

When did the Mahdist rebellion start?

A

1881

96
Q

George Goldie established plantations of what?

A
  • coffee
  • cocoa
97
Q

British colonies in East Africa

A
  • Uganda
  • Kenya
  • Sudan
98
Q

Why was Zanzibar of interest to Britain?

A
  • clove and ivory exports
  • East Africa’s first steam railway
99
Q
A

British Empire 1857-1890 (6 decks)

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