Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Yr 4 - Psychiatry > Affective Disorders > Flashcards

Affective Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Define mania

A

Mental illness marked by periods of great excitement or euphoria, delusions, and overactivity that lasts at least 7 days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define hypomania

A

A mild form of mania, marked by elation and hyperactivity.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define euthymia

A

A normal, tranquil state/mood that is neither manic nor depressive, yet distinguishable from the state of healthy (commonly associated with bipolar disorder).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define subthreshold depression

A

Clinically relevant depressive symptoms that do not meet the criteria for a major depressive disorder.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Define major depression

A

Persistently depressed mood and long-term loss of pleasure of interest in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Define mixed state

A

A state wherein features unique to both depression and mania occur wither simultaneously or in very short succession.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is unipolar depression?

A

Unipolar depression is another name for a major depressive episode. This name indicates that the condition is different from bipolar depression.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can unipolar depression be divided into?

A
  1. First occurence
  2. Recurrent episodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is bipolar depression?

A

reoccurrences of mania and depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 core symptoms of depression (ICD-10)?

A
  1. Low mood
  2. Anhedonia
  3. Reduced energy levels (anergia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give some other symptoms of depression

A
  • Reduced libido
  • Change in appetite
  • Poor sleep
  • Suicidal thoughts
  • Poor concentration
  • Worthless/guilt
  • Psychomotor retardation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Diagnostic criteria for mild depression

A

2 core symptoms + 2 other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Diagnostic criteria for moderate depression

A

2 core + 3 other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Diagnostic criteria for severe depression

A

3 core + 4 other

N.B. Although ICD suggests diagnosing on symptom count, in practise you get to realise what is mild moderate and severe depression without counting symptoms, and realise that level of functioning is also key

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Give some risk factors for depression

A
  • Female (2x more common)
  • PMH of depression
  • Significant physical illness
  • Other mental health problems
  • Social issues e.g. divorce, unemployment, poverty
  • Childhood experience e.g. parental bereavement, sex abuse
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How long do symptoms have to be present to make depression diagnosis?

A
  • Need symptoms for at least two weeks
  • And NOT secondary to the effects of drug / alcohol misuse, organic illness, or bereavement
17
Q

What is diurnal mood variation in depression?

A

Diurnal mood variation, also known as morning depression, refers to depression that is most severe in the morning and typically lessens as the day progresses.

18
Q

Give some psychiatric differential diagnoses for depression

A
  • Bipolar disorder
  • Schizophrenia
  • Dementia
  • Seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
  • Bereavement
  • Anxiety
19
Q

What are some neurological differentials for depression?

A

Parkinson’s disease
Dementia
MS
Huntington’s disease

20
Q

What are some endocrine differentials for depression?

A

Thyroid dysfunction
Hypoadrenalism (e.g. Addison’s disease)
Hyperadrenalism (e.g. Cushing’s disease)

21
Q

What are some drugs that can cause low mood?

A

Steroids
isotretinoin (Roaccutane)
alcohol
beta-blockers
benzodiazepines
methyldopa

22
Q

What are some chronic conditions that can cause low mood?

A

diabetes
obstructive sleep apnoea
longstanding infections (e.g. mononucleosis)

23
Q

What cancer can notably cause low mood?

A

Pancreatic cancer

24
Q

What assessments would be done in depression?

A
  • Full History
  • MSE
  • Risk assessment – to self and others
  • Cognitive assessment
  • PHQ-9 and other questionnaires, hospital anxiety and depression scale
  • Physical exam to rule out suspected physical causes
25
Q

What investigations can be done in depression?

A

Exclude treatable causes from differentials –> FBC, ESR, B12/folate, U&Es, LFTs, TFTs, glucose, Calcium

26
Q

What is the stepwise management of depression?

A

Stepped care model depending on severity of presentation, comorbidity with chronic physical health problems or personal preference

1) Low intensity psychological interventions, group-based CBT

2) Pharmacological therapy or a high intensity psychosocial intervention e.g. CBT or interpersonal therapy (can be offered in conjuction with drugs)

27
Q

What is the 1st line pharmacological option in depression?

A

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) e.g. Sertraline

28
Q

Patients who have benefitted from antidepressants should be continued on them for how long after remission to reduce the risk of relapse?

A

At least 6 months

29
Q

If antidepressants alone do not work in severe depression, what can they be augmented with?

A

Lithium

30
Q

What is bipolar affective disorder?

A

A mental disorder characterised by periods (2 or more) of depression and periods of elevated mood (mania).

N.B. may be long periods (years) of recoverybetween episodes

31
Q

What can a ‘manic switch’ sometimes be induced by?

A
  • Someone with BAD taking antidepressants to treat a depressive episode
  • Stressful life events
  • Physical illness
  • Illicit substance misuse
32
Q

Give some features of a ‘manic episode’

A
  • Elevated mood
  • Increased energy
  • Reduced concentration
  • Reduced NEED for sleep
  • Inflated self esteem (grandiosity)
  • Reckless behaviour - overspending, promiscuity
  • Increased libido
  • Racing thoughts, pressured speech
  • Irritability, aggression
  • Psychomotor agitation
  • Disinhibition
33
Q

What is required for a diagnosis of a ‘manic episode’?

A
  • Distinct period of abnormally elevated moodwith 3 or more symptoms
  • Last at least 1 week
  • Impair occupational and social functioning
34
Q

Give some features of ‘hypomania’

A
  • Symptoms not to the extent that they lead to severe disruption of work or result in socialrejection
  • Irritability, conceit, and boorish behaviour maybe more prominent than elation
  • No psychotic symptoms
35
Q

Mood spectrum:

A

Depression with psychotic symptoms –> severe depression –> mild-mood depression

Euthymia

Hypomania –> mania –> mania with psychotic symptoms

36
Q

What is the gold standard medication for bipolar disorder?

A

Lithium

37
Q

What is the impact of depression on long term conditions?

A
  • Decreased ability to self manage
  • Decreased ability to develop strategies
  • Decreased ability to recruit support
  • More symptoms
  • Symptoms perceived as worse / more threatening
  • Symptoms last longer
  • Reduced adherence to treatment
  • More adverse effects
  • Longer stays in hospital
  • Greater risk of readmission
38
Q
A

Yr 4 - Psychiatry (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions