Affective Basis of Behavior (psychopathology) Flashcards
Social Anxiety Disorder
- The anticipation of future threat and excessive fear.
- Also, knowns as Social phobia
- Marked fear or anxiety about one or more social situations in which the individual is exposed to possible scrutiny by others
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
•Presence of obsessions, compulsions or both
presence of obsessions, compulsions, or both, which are time-consuming and cause clinically significant distress or impairment
• driving force is to reduce the anxiety from obsessions
-Therapy tx
• exposure and response - hierarchy of situations
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
- a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development
- A disorder of executive functioning
- Disrupted attention, spatial working memory, short term memory, response inhibition, and set-shifting
- Six or more for both inattention and hyperactivity
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
- Severe recurrent outbursts manifested verbally (e.g., verbal rages) and/or behaviorally (e.g., physical aggression toward people or property) that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation or provocation
- a mental disorder in children and adolescents characterized by a persistently irritable or angry mood and frequent temper outbursts that are disproportionate to the situation and significantly more severe than the typical reaction of same-aged peers.
- Common among children 6mos-1year period-prevalence
Borderline Personality Disorder
• A pervasive pattern of instability of interpersonal relationships, self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity, beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts, as indicated by five or more of the listed criteria
• The primary characteristics include:
• unstable and intense interpersonal relationships chronic fears of abandonment
chronic intense anger and loneliness
self-destructive behavior a range of cognitive problems or distortions such as suspiciousness, unusual feelings of having a sixth sense, and unusual superstitiousness unstable social relations and repeated failures in job situations impulsive behavior such as fighting, running away, drug abuse, alcohol abuse, promiscuity, and binge eating
• Prevalence: as low as 1.6%-5.9% in the population. 6% in primary care settings, 10% in outpatient mental health clinics, and 20% among psychiatric inpatient
• May decrease in older age adults
Reactive Attachment Disorder
- A consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior toward adult caregivers
- Inhibited (unhealthy) attachment (either too close/no boundaries, or too distant) presumably caused by insufficient care, comfort/affection, or from neglect and deprivation
- Usually socially withdrawn, does not seek comfort in distress and does not respond to it
- Prevalence is unknown but has been seen in relatively rarely clinical settings. Found in younger children exposed to severe neglect before being placed in foster care or raised in institutions
Evidence-based Treatments
- a method for clinical treatments in a variety of fields like psychology, healthcare, speech/language, education, and information science.
- The basic tenets are that all decisions should be based on scientific research and this research should be quantitative and empirical. EBP combines clinical expertise, scientific-based research, and the perspective of the patient to provide the most effective form of treatment based on the individual.
Major Depressive Disorder
- presence of sad, empty, or irritable mood accompanied by somatic and cognitive changes that significantly affect the individual’s ability to function
- Diminished interest, weight loss or weight gain
- Sleep changes, insomnia or hypersomnia
- Fatigue, loss of energy, feeling worthless/guilt
- Unable to think or concentrate
- Prevalence: 12 mo prevalence, in the US 7% 18-29 years old higher than the prevalence in individuals age 60
- Females experience 1.5-3-fold higher rates than males beginning on early adolescence
Autism Spectrum Disorder
- Persistent deficits in social communication and social interactions across multiple contexts
- Social communication and interaction are restricted; repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
- 1% of the population in US and other countries
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
• a potentially debilitating mental health condition that can last for years or even decades without treatment. Almost seven percent of Americans will experience PTSD at some point in their lives, and the social cost of PTSD can be enormous. However, there are effective treatments available for people with PTSD.
• Causes and Symptoms of PTSD
PTSD is unique among mental health diagnoses in that it has a specific, identifiable cause. Traumatic experiences in which a person feels that his or her life or safety is in danger may lead to PTSD symptoms. Natural disasters, war, violent crimes, losses, abuse, and more can potentially cause PTSD
Schizophrenia
• At least delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech (positive symptoms)
• Can have disorganized behavior or catatonia or other negative symptoms (diminished emotional expression, avolition, asociality, anhedonia, alogia)
• Does not occur during mood disturbance
• Early adulthood or adolescence onset
• 4 in 1000 people have schizophrenia
Schizophrenia Etiology
• Enlarged ventricles
• behavioral genetics (50% chance if both parents have it)
• stress-vulnerability model
Bipolar I and II
•Bipolar I:
-It is necessary to meet the manic episode.
- The manic episode may have been preceded by and may be followed by hypomanic or MDD
-Prevalence: 12 mo, U.S. 6.6%, lifetime male-to-female prevalence ratio : 1.1:1
•Bipolar II:
-A current or past hypomanic episode or MDD episode
-Prevalence: 12 mo, in the U.S. 0.8%
•Characterized by at least one episode of either hypomania (bipolar 2) or mania (bipolar 1) followed by a swing into at least one depressive episode
Bipolar Prognoses
• BPD I: more severe, more cycling, increase risk of substance abuse, tend to recover between episodes
• BPD II: more chronic, more major depressive, increased anxiety
Predictors of bipolar
• polygenetic etiology
• white matter hyperintensities
• smaller amygdala
• decreased hippocampal volume
• difficulties in brain connectivity
Somatic Symptom Disorder
• occurs when a person feels extreme anxiety about physical symptoms such as pain or fatigue.
• The person has intense thoughts, feelings, and behaviors related to the symptoms that interfere with daily life
Prevalence is unknown
Adjustment Disorder
- The development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor(s) occurring within 3 months of the onset of the stressor(s)
- a condition that is characterized by a difficulty in coping and adjustment to an environmental or situational stressor such as a major life event. Stress response syndrome shares many of the symptoms of major depression but is different in that it is caused by a situational stressor. There is a specific reason it is occurring instead of just generalized symptoms.
Substance Use Disorder
• The improper use of medications and other illegal physically or psychologically addictive substances. This term is most commonly used to refer to excess/medically unnecessary use of prescription medications and illegal substances such as marijuana, hashish, cocaine, heroin, methamphetamine, LSD, etc. However, the definition can be expanded to include the excessive use of legal substances such as alcohol, caffeine, tobacco.
