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AFA > AFA exam 1 > Flashcards

AFA exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

descending part of trapezius

A

Origin - External occipital protuberance, superior nuchal line, nuchal ligament, spinous process of C7

insertion - posterior aspect of lateral one third of clavicle, acromion of scapula

action - elevates, retracts and upwardly rotates the shoulder girdle at acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints, extends and laterally flexes head and neck

innervation - accessory nerve, anterior rami of third and fourth cervical nerves

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2
Q

transverse part of trapezius

A

Origin: Spinous processes of C7-T4 vertebrae.
Insertion: Acromion of scapula, medial half of spine of scapula.
Action: Retracts the shoulder girdle at acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints.
Innervation: Accessory nerve, anterior rami of third and fourth cervical nerves.

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3
Q

ascending part of trapezius

A

Origin: Spinous processes of T5-T12 vertebrae.
Insertion: Medial half of spine of scapula.
Action: Depresses, retracts, and upwardly rotates the shoulder girdle at AC and SC joints.
Innervation: Accessory nerve, anterior rami of third and fourth cervical nerves.

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4
Q

levator scapulae

A

Origin: Transverse processes of C1-C4 vertebrae
Insertion: Superior angle of scapula, medial border of scapula superior to spine of scapula.
Action: Elevates and down rotates shoulder girdle at AC/SC joints; extends and laterally flexes neck
Innervation: Anterior rami of third and fourth cervical nerves, dorsal scapular nerve (C5).

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5
Q

rhomboid minor + major

A

Origin: Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T5 vertebrae.
Insertion: Medial border of scapula.
Action: Retracts and downwardly rotates shoulder girdle at AC/SC joints.
Innervation: Dorsal scapular nerve (C4-C5).

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6
Q

subclavius

A

Origin: Superior surface of costal of end of first rib and adjacent first costal cartilage.
Insertion: Inferior surface of the middle one third of clavicle.
Action: Stabilizes clavicle.
Innervation: Nerve to subclavius muscle (C5-C6).

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7
Q

pectoralis minor muscle

A

Origin: Anterior ends of third to fifth ribs.
Insertion: Coracoid process of scapula.
Action: Protracts and downwardly rotates shoulder girdle at AC/SC joints.
Innervation: Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1)

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8
Q

pectoralis major

A

Origin: C-head: anterior aspect/medial half of clavicle; SC-head: manubrium, sternal body, the true ribs
and their costal cartilages; A-head: external abdominal oblique aponeurosis.
Insertion: Crest of greater tubercle of humerus OR lateral lip of bicipital groove.
Action: Adducts, medially rotates, and transversely adducts arm at glenohumeral
joint; depresses pectoral (shoulder) girdle at acromioclavicular and sternoclavicular joints.
Innervation: Medial and lateral pectoral nerves (C5-T1).

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9
Q

latissimus dorsi

A

Origin: Spinous processes of T7-L5 via thoracolumbar fascia, ninth to twelfth ribs, iliac crest.
Insertion: Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus.
Action: Adducts. medially rotates and extends arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
Innervation: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8).

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10
Q

teres major

A

Origin: Posterior aspect of inferior angle of scapula.
Insertion: Crest of lesser tubercle of humerus.
Action: Adducts and medially rotates arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
Innervation: Lower subscapular nerve (C5-C7).

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11
Q

subscapularis

A

Origin: Subscapular fossa of scapula.
Insertion: Lesser tubercle of humerus.
Action: Medially rotates and stabilizes arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
Innervation: Upper and lower subscapular nerves (C5-C7).

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12
Q

supraspinatus

A

Origin: Supraspinous fossa of scapula.
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus.
Action: Abducts and stabilizes arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
Innervation: Suprascapular nerve (C5-C6).

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13
Q

infraspinatus

A

Origin: Infraspinous fossa of scapula.
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus.
Action: Laterally rotates, transversely abducts and stabilizes arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
Innervation: Suprascapular Nerve (C5-C6).

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14
Q

teres minor

A

Origin: Posterior aspect of superior half of lateral border of scapula.
Insertion: Greater tubercle of humerus.
Action: Laterally rotates, transversely abducts and stabilizes arm at GH (shoulder) joint.
Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5-C6).

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15
Q

Deltoid
(Clavicular,
Acromial +
Scapular Spinal
Part)

A

Origin: Lateral one third of clavicle, Acromion of scapula, Spine of scapula.
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity of humerus.
Action: Flexes and medially rotates arm at glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
Innervation: Axillary nerve (C5-C6).

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16
Q

triceps

A

Origin: Long: Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula.
Lateral: Posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove.
Medial: Posterior surface of humerus,
inferior to radial groove.
Insertion: Olecranon of ulna and adjacent
antebrachial fascia.
Action: Extends forearm at elbow joint. Long: weak shoulder adduction and extension.
Innervation: Radial nerve (C7).

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17
Q

coracobrachialis

A

Origin: Coracoid process of scapula.
Insertion: Middle third of medial aspect of humerus.
Action: Adducts and flexes arm at
glenohumeral (shoulder) joint.
Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7).

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18
Q

biceps brachii

A

Origin: SH: Apex of coracoid process of scapula. LH: Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula.
Insertion: Radial tuberosity and antebrachial fascia.
Action: Supinates forearm; flexes forearm at elbow joint, most effectively when the forearm is supinated.
Innervation: Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C6).

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19
Q

brachialis

A

Origin: Anterior aspect of distal half of humerus.
Insertion: Coronoid process and tuberosity of ulna.
Action: Flexes forearm at elbow joint.
Innervation: Musculocutaneous (C5-C6) and Radial (C7) nerves.

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20
Q

brachioradialis

A

Origin: Superior two thirds of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus.
Insertion: Lateral aspect of distal part of radius.
Action: Flexes forearm at elbow joint.
Innervation: Radial nerve (C5-C6).

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21
Q

extensor carpi radialis longus

A

Origin: Inferior one third of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus.
Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of second metacarpal bone.
Action: Extends hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint; abducts hand at radiocarpal and
midcarpal joints.
Innervation: Radial nerve (C6-C7).

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22
Q

extensor carpi radialis brevis

A

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, via common extensor tendon.
Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of third metacarpal bone.
Action: Extends hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint; abducts hand at radiocarpal and midcarpal joints.
Innervation: Deep branch of radial nerve (C7-C8) and posterior antebrachial
interosseous nerve (C7-C8).

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23
Q

extensor digitorum

A

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, via common extensor tendon.
Insertion: Dorsal aspects of bases of both the middle and distal phalanges of the
index, middle, ring, and little fingers.
Action: Extends index, middle, ring, and little fingers.
Innervation: Posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve (C7-C8).

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24
Q

extensor digiti minimi

A

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, via common extensor tendon.
Insertion: Extensor expansion of little finger.
Action: Extends little finger.
Innervation: Posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve (C7-C8).

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25
Q

extensor carpi ulnaris

A

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, via common extensor tendon, and posterior
border of ulna.
Insertion: Medial aspect of base of fifth metacarpal bone.
Action: Extends and adducts hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint.
Innervation: Posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve (C7-C8).

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26
Q

Supinator

A

Origin: Lateral epicondyle of humerus, supinator crest and supinator fossa of ulna.
Insertion: Anterior, lateral, and posterior aspects of proximal one third of radius.
Action: Supinates forearm at radioulnar joints.
Innervation: Posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve (C6-C7).

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27
Q

pronator teres

A

Origin: Medial supracondylar ridge of humerus, via the common flexor tendon,
and medial aspect of coronoid process of ulna.
Insertion: Middle one third of anterolateral aspect of radius.
Action: Pronates forearm at radioulnar joints.
Innervation: Median nerve (C6-C7).

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28
Q

flexor carpi radialis

A

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, via common flexor tendon.
Insertion: Palmar aspects of bases of second and third metacarpal bones.
Action: Flexes hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint; abducts hand at radiocarpal and midcarpal joints.
Innervation: Median nerve (C6-C7).

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29
Q

palmaris longus

A

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, via common flexor tendon.
Insertion: Palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum of hand.
Action: Flexes hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint; stabilizes palmar aponeurosis.
Innervation: Median nerve (C7-C8).

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30
Q

flexor digitorum superficialis

A

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, via the common flexor tendon, sublime tubercle of ulna, and
proximal half of anterior border of radius.
Insertion: Palmar aspects of the bodies of middle phalanges of the index, middle, ring, and little fingers.
Action: Flexes index, middle, ring, and little fingers.
Innervation: Median nerve (C7-T1).

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31
Q

flexor carpi ulnaris

A

Origin: Medial epicondyle of humerus, via common flexor tendon, proximal two thirds of body of ulna,
and olecranon of ulna.
Insertion: Pisiform, hook of hamate, and palmar aspect of base of fifth metacarpal bone.
Action: Flexes and adducts hand at radiocarpal (wrist) joint.
Innervation: Ulnar nerve (C7-T1).

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32
Q

flexor digitorum profundis

A

Origin: Medial aspect of coronoid process of ulna and superior three quarters of
anterior and medial surfaces of body of ulna.
Insertion: Palmar aspects of bases of the distal phalanges of index, middle, ring, and little fingers.
Action: Flexes index, middle, ring, and little fingers.
Innervation: Medial part: ulnar nerve (C8-T1); Lateral part: anterior interosseous
branch of median nerve (C8-T1).

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33
Q

flexor pollicis longus

A

Origin: Anterior surface of radius and adjacent interosseous membrane of forearm.
Insertion: Palmar aspect of base of distal phalanx of thumb.
Action: Flexes thumb.
Innervation: Anterior antebrachial interosseous nerve (C7-T1).

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34
Q

pronator quadratus

A

Origin: Anterior aspect of distal one quarter of ulna.
Insertion: Anterior aspect of distal one quarter of radius.
Action: Pronates forearm at radioulnar joints.
Innervation: Anterior antebrachial interosseous nerve (C7-C8).

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35
Q

abductor pollicis longus

A

Origin: Posterior aspects of proximal half of ulna and middle one third of radius,
adjacent interosseous membrane of forearm.
Insertion: Lateral aspect of base of first metacarpal bone.
Action: Abducts and extends thumb at first carpometacarpal joint.
Innervation: Posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve (C7-C8).

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36
Q

extensor pollicis brevis

A

Origin: Posterior surface of distal half of radius and adjacent interosseous membrane of forearm.
Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
Action: Extends thumb.
Innervation: Posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve (C7-C8).

37
Q

extensor pollicis longus

A

Origin: Posterior surface of middle one third of ulna and adjacent interosseous
membrane of forearm.
Insertion: Dorsal aspect of base of distal phalanx of thumb.
Action: Extends thumb.
Innervation: Posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve (C7-C8).

38
Q

extensor indicis

A

Origin: Posterior surface of distal one third of ulna and adjacent interosseous membrane of forearm.
Insertion: Extensor expansion of index finger.
Action: Extends index finger.
Innervation: Posterior antebrachial interosseous nerve (C7-C8).

39
Q

abductor pollicis brevis

A

Origin: Tubercles of scaphoid and trapezium bones, flexor retinaculum of hand.
Insertion: Lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
Action: Abducts thumb at its carpometacarpal joint.
Innervation: Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8-T1).

40
Q

opponens pollicis

A

Origin: Tubercle of trapezium bone and flexor retinaculum of hand.
Insertion: Anterolateral aspect of body of first metacarpal bone.
Action: Opposes thumb towards other fingers.
Innervation: Recurrent branch of median nerve (C8-T1).

41
Q

flexor pollicis brevis

A

Origin: Tubercle of trapezium bone, palmar aspects of capitate and trapezoid bones, flexor retinaculum of
hand.
Insertion: Lateral aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
Action: Flexes thumb.
Innervation: Superficial head: recurrent branch of median nerve (C8-T1); Deep head: deep branch of ulnar
nerve (C8-T1).

42
Q

lumbricals of hand 1-4

A

Origin: Tendons of flexor digitorum profundus.
Insertion: Lateral aspect of extensor expansion of fingers 2-5.
Action: Simultaneously flexes metacarpophalangeal joint and extends interphalangeal joints of fingers 2-5.
Innervation: 1st and 2nd: Innervation: Common palmar digital branches of median nerve (C8-T1). 3rd and
4th: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8-T1).

43
Q

adductor pollicis oblique and transverse head

A

Origin: OH: Palmar aspects of capitate bone and bases of second and third metacarpal bones. TH: Palmar
aspect of body of third metacarpal bone.
Insertion: Medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of thumb.
Action: Adducts thumb at its carpometacarpal joint.
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8-T1).

44
Q

abductor digiti minimi

A

Origin: Pisiform bone and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris.
Insertion: Medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of little finger.
Action: Abducts little finger at its metacarpophalangeal joint.
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8-T1).

45
Q

flexor digiti minimi

A

Origin: Hook of hamate bone and flexor retinaculum of hand.
Insertion: Medial aspect of base of proximal phalanx of little finger.
Action: Flexes little finger at its metacarpophalangeal joint.
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8-T1).

46
Q

opponens digiti minimi

A

Origin: Hook of hamate bone and flexor retinaculum of hand.
Insertion: Medial aspect of fifth metacarpal bone.
Action: Opposes little finger towards thumb.
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8-T1).

47
Q

palmar inerossei 1-3

A

Origin: Sides of each metacarpal facing the mid-axis (metacarpal 3) of the hand
Insertion: Extensor expansion of proximal phalanx fingers 2-4 on side opposite mid-axis of hand (not on
finger 3).
Action: Adducts ring finger at its metacarpophalangeal joint;
simultaneously flexes metacarpophalangeal joint and extends interphalangeal joints of fingers 2-5.
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8-T1).

48
Q

dorsal interossei of hand 1-4

A

Origin: Sides of metacarpals
Insertion: Base of proximal phalanx and extensor expansion of fingers 2-4 on side opposite mid-axis of
hand but on BOTH sides of finger 3.
Action: Medially abducts fingers 2-5 at the metacarpophalangeal joint; simultaneously flexes
metacarpophalangeal joint and extends interphalangeal joints of fingers 2-5.
Innervation: Deep branch of ulnar nerve (C8-T1).

49
Q

occipitofrontalis (epicranius)

A

Origin: Superior nuchal line of occipital bone.
Insertion: Skin of eyebrows and root of nose.
Action: Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead. Draws scalp backwards.
Innervation: Posterior auricular nerve and temporal branches of facial nerve (CN VII).

50
Q

nuccinator

A

Origin: Alveolar processes of maxilla and mandible, pterygomandibular raphe.
Insertion: Angle of mouth.
Action: Compresses cheeks.
Innervation: Buccal branches of facial nerve (CN VII).

51
Q

obicularis oris

A

Origin: Vermillion line.
Insertion: Skin and fascia of lips.
Action: Compresses and protrudes lips.
Innervation: Buccal and marginal mandibular branches of facial nerve (CN VII).

52
Q

temporalis

A

Origin: Temporal fossa and fascia.
Insertion: Coronoid process and ramus of mandible.
Action: Elevates and retracts mandible.
Innervation: Anterior and posterior deep temporal nerves (CN V3).

53
Q

masseter

A

Origin: Inferior aspect of zygomatic arch.
Insertion: Lateral aspect of ramus of mandible.
Action: Elevates mandible; assists in protraction of mandible.
Innervation: Masseteric nerve (CN V3).

54
Q

medial pterygoid

A

Origin: Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone. Maxillary tuberosity;
pyramidal process of palatine bone.
Insertion: Medial surface of ramus and angle of mandible.
Action: Laterally moves and protracts mandible
Innervation: Nerve to medial pterygoid muscle (CN V3).

55
Q

lateral pterygoid

A

Origin: Lateral aspect of lateral pterygoid plate of sphenoid bone. Infratemporal surface and
infratemporal crest of greater wing of sphenoid bone.
Insertion: Neck of mandible.
Action: Laterally moves and protracts mandible.
Innervation: Nerve to lateral pterygoid muscle (CN V3).

56
Q

sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin: Anterior Surface of manubrium of sternum. Medial one third of clavicle.
Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone and superior nuchal line of occipital bone.
Action: Flexes and laterally flexes neck; rotates head.
Innervation: Accessory nerve (CN XI); proprioceptive fibers from anterior rami second to
fourth cervical nerves (C2-C4).

57
Q

sternohyoid

A

Origin: Sternal end of clavicle and posterior surface of manubrium of sternum.
Insertion: Inferior border of hyoid bone.
Action: Depresses hyoid bone.
Innervation: Ansa cervicalis (C1-C3), from anterior rami of cervical plexus.

58
Q

scalenus anterior

A

Origin: Anterior tubercles of transverse processes of C3-C6 vertebrae.
Insertion: Scalene tubercle of first rib.
Action: Flexes, rotates, and laterally flexes neck; elevates first rib.
Innervation: Anterior rami of fourth to sixth cervical nerves (C4-C6).

59
Q

scalenus medius

A

Origin: Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C2-C7 vertebrae.
Insertion: Superior surface of first rib.
Action: Laterally flexes neck; elevates second rib.
Innervation: Anterior rami of fourth to sixth cervical nerves (C4-C6).

60
Q

Scalenus posterior

A

Origin: Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C4-C6 vertebrae.
Insertion: External surface of second rib.
Action: Laterally flexes neck; elevates second rib.
Innervation: Anterior rami of fourth to sixth cervical nerves (C4-C6).

61
Q

longus capitis

A

Origin: Anterior tubercles of transverse processes of C3-C6 vertebrae.
Insertion. Basilar part of occipital bone.
Action: Flexes head.
Innervation: Anterior rami of first to third cervical nerves (C1-C3).

62
Q

longus colli

A

Origin: Anterior aspects of lower cervical/upper thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: Anterior aspects of upper cervical vertebrae.
Action: Flexes and rotates neck at cervical vertebral joints.
Innervation: Anterior rami of second to sixth cervical nerves (C2-C6).

63
Q

rectus capitis posterior minor

A

Origin: Posterior arch of atlas (C1).
Insertion: Inferior nuchal line of occipital bone and adjacent area.
Action: Extends head.
Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of first cervical nerve).

64
Q

rectus capitis posterior major

A

Origin: Spinous process of axis (C2).
Insertion: Inferior nuchal line of occipital bone.
Action: Rotates and extends head.
Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of first cervical nerve).

65
Q

obliquus capitis inferior

A

Origin: Spinous process of axis (C2).
Insertion: Transverse process of atlas (C1).
Action: Rotates head.
Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of first cervical nerve).

66
Q

obliquus capitis superior

A

Origin: Transverse process of atlas (C1).
Insertion: Between superior and inferior nuchal lines of occipital bone.
Action: Laterally flexes and extends head.
Innervation: Suboccipital nerve (posterior ramus of first cervical nerve).

67
Q

splenius capitis

A

Origin: Nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T3 vertebrae.
Insertion: Mastoid process of temporal bone; lateral one third of superior nuchal line of
occipital bone.
Action: Rotates and extends head.
Innervation: Posterior rami of second and third cervical nerves.

68
Q

semispinalis capitis

A

Origin: Superior articular processes of lower C (C4-C7) vertebrae; transverse processes of
upper T (T1-T6) vertebrae.
Insertion: Area located between superior inferior nuchal lines of occipital bone.
Action: Extends and rotates the head.
Innervation: Greater occipital (C2) and third cervical nerves.

69
Q

illicostalis thoracis and lumborum

A

Origin: Iliac crest; posterolateral aspect of sacrum. Angles of lower (seventh to twelfth) ribs.
Insertion: Transverse processes of lumbar (L1-L4) vertebrae; angles of first to tenth ribs.
Action: Extends and laterally flexes trunk.
Innervation: Lateral branches of posterior rami of thoracic and lumbar nerves.

70
Q

longissimus thoracis, colli and capitis

A

Origin: T = Spinous processes of lumbar (L1-L5) vertebrae, dorsal surface of sacrum, and Iliac
crest. C+C = Transverse processes of cervical and thoracic (C4-T6) vertebrae.
Insertion: T = Transverse processes of lumbar and thoracic vertebrae, and second to twelfth
ribs. C + C = Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of middle C (C2-C6) vertebrae.
Mastoid process of temporal bone.
Action: Extends and laterally flexes trunk and neck. Extends, rotates and laterally flexes head.
Innervation: Lateral branches of posterior rami of thoracic and lumbar nerves.

71
Q

spinalis thoracis and colli

A

Origin: Spinous processes of C, T and L (C7-L3) vertebrae.
Insertion: Spinous processes of C2-T8 vertebrae.
Action: Extends and laterally flexes trunk and neck.
Innervation: Posterior rami of thoracic and upper lumbar nerves.

72
Q

multifidus

A

Origin: Posterior superior iliac spine, dorsal surface of sacrum, mammillary processes of
lumbar vertebrae, transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae, articular processes of mid to
lower cervical (C4-C7) vertebrae.
Insertion: Spinous processes of lumbar, thoracic, and cervical vertebrae.
Action: Extends neck and trunk; stabilizes vertebral column.
Innervation: Medial branches of posterior rami of cervical, thoracic, and lumbar nerves.

73
Q

interspinales intertransversaril rotatores

A

Origins: IS: Superior aspects of spinous processes C3-L5. IT: Inferior aspects of transverse
processes C2-T1 and T10-L4. R: Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae.
Insertions: IS: Inferior aspects of spinous processes of C2-L4. IT: Superior aspects of
transverse processes of C1-C7 and T11-L5
R: Laminae and spinous processes of thoracic vertebrae one vertebral segment above.
Action: Extends and rotates trunk: stabilizes vertebral column.
Innervation: Posterior rami of adjacent cervical, thoracic and lumbar nerves.

74
Q

external intercostals

A

Origin: Inferior borders of first to eleventh ribs.
Insertion: Superior borders of ribs immediately below origin sites.
Action: Elevate ribs at their costovertebral joints; provide structural support to intercostal
spaces.
Innervation: Adjacent intercostal nerves (anterior rami of thoracic nerves).

75
Q

internal intercostal

A

Origin: Inferior borders of first to eleventh ribs and their adjacent costal cartilages.
Insertion: Superior borders of ribs and costal cartilages immediately below origin sites.
Action: Depress ribs at their costovertebral joints; provide structural support to intercostal
spaces.
Innervation: Adjacent intercostal nerves (anterior rami of thoracic nerves).

76
Q

diaphragm

A

Origin: Xiphoid process, internal surfaces of seventh to twelfth costal cartilages and adjacent
ribs, medial and lateral arcuate ligaments, L1-L3 vertebrae.
Insertion: Central tendon.
Action: Primary muscle of inspiration.
Innervation: Motor: phrenic nerves (C3-C5);
Sensory: phrenic nerves and lower intercostal nerves.

77
Q

quadratus lumborum

A

Origin: Posterior half of iliac crest and iliolumbar ligament.
Insertion: Inferior border of twelfth rib, transverse processes of (L1-4) lumbar vertebrae.
Action: Extends and laterally flexes trunk; stabilizes twelfth rib during inspiration.
Innervation: Anterior rami of twelfth thoracic and first to fourth lumbar nerves.

78
Q

rectus abdominis

A

Origin: Pubic crest and symphysis.
Insertion: Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of fifth to seventh ribs.
Action: Flexes trunk; compresses and provides structural support to adjacent abdominal
structures.
Innervation: Anterior rami of 6-12 thoracic nerves.

79
Q

external abdominal oblique

A

Origin: External surfaces and inferior borders of mid-lower (5-12) ribs.
Insertion: Anterior superior iliac spine, anterior half of iliac crest, pubic crest, pubic tubercle,
linea alba.
Action: Flexes, laterally flexes, and rotates trunk; compresses and provides structural support
to adjacent abdominal structures.
Innervation: Anterior rami of 7-12 thoracic nerves.

80
Q

internal abdominal oblique

A

Origin: Thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, inguinal ligament.
Insertion: Inferior margins of lower (10-12) ribs and adjacent costal cartilages, linea alba,
pecten pubis.
Action: Flexes, laterally flexes, rotates trunk; compresses and provides structural support
Innervation: Anterior rami of 7-12 thoracic nerves, iliohypogastric and ilioinguinal nerves.

81
Q

transverse abdominis

A

Origin: Costal cartilages of mid-lower (7-12) ribs, thoracolumbar fascia, iliac crest, and
inguinal ligament.
Insertion: Linea alba, pubic crest. And pecten pubis.
Action: Compresses and provides structural support to adjacent abdominal structures.
Innervation: Anterior rami of seventh to twelfth thoracic nerves, iliohypogastric and
ilioinguinal nerves.

82
Q

occygeus

A

Origin: Ischial spine.
Insertion: Anterolateral aspects of sacrum and coccyx.
Action: Provides structural support to adjacent pelvic structures.
Innervation: Anterior rami of fourth and fifth sacral nerves (S4-S5).

83
Q

puboanalis (puboreactalis)

A

Origin: Posterior aspect of body of pubis.
Insertion: Fibers surround posterior aspect of anorectal junction.
Action: Provides structural support to adjacent pelvic structures; fecal continence.
Innervation: Nerve to levator ani muscle (S3-S4); inferior anal and perineal nerves.

84
Q

pubococcygeus

A

Origin: Posterior aspect of body of pubis and tendinous arch of levator ani.
Insertion: Coccyx, pubococcygeus tendon, perineal body, and lateral walls of vagina in
females and prostate in males.
Action: Provides structural support to adjacent pelvic structures; urinary and fecal continence.
Innervation: Nerve to levator ani muscle (S3-S4); inferior anal and perineal nerves.

85
Q

iliococcygeus

A

Origin: Ischial spine and tendinous arch of levator ani.
Insertion: Coccyx, iliococcygeal raphe, and anococcygeal ligament.
Action: Provides structural support to adjacent pelvic structures; fecal continence.
Innervation: Nerve to levator ani muscle (S3-S4).

86
Q

transverse + deep perineal

A

Origin: Ischial tuberosity; ramus of ischium.
Insertion: Perineal body.
Action: Stabilizes perineal body; provides structural support to adjacent pelvic and perineal
structures.
Innervation: Perineal nerve via Pudendal (S2-S4).

87
Q

urethral sphincter

A

Origin: Rami of both left and right ischial bones.
Insertion: Fibers encircle urethra (membranous part in Males)
Action: Constricts urethra.
Innervation: Perineal nerve via Pudendal nerve (S2-S4).

88
Q

bulbospongiosus

A

Origin: Perineal body; (and median raphe on ventral aspect of penis for male).
Insertion: Female: perineal membrane and corpora cavernosa of clitoris; Male: perineal
membrane and dorsal aspects of corpus spongiosum and corpora cavernosa of penis.
Action: Female: stabilizes perineal body, expresses secretions of greater vestibular glands, and
assists in erection of clitoris: Male: stabilizes the perineal body, expels urine and semen from
urethra, and assists in erection of penis.
Innervation: Perineal nerve via Pudendal (S2-S4).

89
Q

ischiocavernosus

A

Origin: Ischial tuberosity; ramus of ischium.
Insertion: Female: crus of clitoris; Male: crus of penis.
Action: Assists in erection of clitoris in females and erection of penis in males.
Innervation: Perineal nerve via Pudendal (S2-S4).

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