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AFA Flashcards

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1
Q

The cell is ?

A

the fundamental unit of

structure and function

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2
Q

Glucose penetrates the cell membrane

with the help of

A

insulin.

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3
Q

glucose can

penetrate these cells without insulin

A

Brain cells

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4
Q

Anterior

A

anything towards the front of

the body.

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5
Q

Posterior

A

anything towards the back

of the body

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6
Q

Lateral

A

body parts farthest from

the midline

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7
Q

Midline

A

an imaginary line dividing the

body into two mirror image halves

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8
Q

Medial

A

body parts closer to the midline

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9
Q

There are 206 bones in the normal skeleton. They:

A 
• Protect internal body organs.
• Provide shape or a framework to keep
the body supported.
• Produce red blood cells.
• Provide storage for mineral salts,
such as calcium.
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10
Q

Irregular bones
categories, such as vertebrae and the
jawbone do what

A

They serve complex roles in

muscle attachment and movement

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11
Q

The periosteum serves as a…

A

protective
sheath for the bone and provides an
anchoring surface for the tendons

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12
Q

The cranium encloses the brain and…

A

protects it from injury. It also serves as

an attachment for muscles

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13
Q

The spine is composed
of 33 bones, called vertebrae. Vertebrae
as classified from top-to-bottom are:

A
  • Cervical (7)
  • Thoracic (12)
  • Lumbar (5)
  • Sacral (5)
  • Coccyx (4)
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14
Q

The shoulder girdle is composed of the:

A
  • clavicles (collarbones), and

* scapulas (shoulder blades).

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15
Q

Each pelvic bone has three parts:

A
  • the ilium,
  • the ischium, and
  • the pubis.
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16
Q

Normal respiration requires

five conditions:

A
  1. A supply of normal air
  2. A clear airway
  3. The mechanical bellows function of
    the rib cage and diaphragm must be
    intact and contain at least one
    functioning lung
  4. The control system, including the brain,
    must be intact and able to respond to
    changing carbon dioxide levels in the
    blood stream
  5. An adequate blood supply with proper
    circulation by the heart
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17
Q

There are three key signs of normal

breathing:

A 
• the rise and fall of the chest or
abdomen,
• evidence of air moving in and out of the
lungs, and
• a regular rate and rhythm.
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18
Q

The mechanics of breathing are under

the autonomic control of the…

A

brain

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19
Q

Average resting respiratory rates for

various ages

A 
Age
Average rate
(breaths / minute)
Infant (up to oneyear)30 to 50 
Toddler (one tofour years)20 to 30 
Child (five to 12years)12 to 20
Adult 12 to 20
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20
Q

The circulatory system has two major fluid

transportation systems:

A
  • the cardiovascular system, and

* the lymphatic system

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21
Q

The cardiovascular system consists of:

A
  • the heart, and

* blood vessels.

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22
Q

The circulatory cycle is made up of two

independent systems:

A
  • pulmonary circulation, and

* systemic circulation.

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23
Q

Average resting pulse rates

A 
Age Pulse rate 
(beats per minute)
Infant (up to one
year) 80 to 160
Toddler (one to
four years) 80 to 120
Child (five to 12
years) 60 to 110
Adult 60 to 100
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24
Q

The most dependable site to take

a pulse is

A

either side of the larynx

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25
Q

One major function of the spleen is to

A

act as a storage reservoir for blood cells

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26
Q

A clot will usually form within

A

five minutes
after a blood vessel wall has been
damaged. If blood does not clot, a patient
may bleed to death from injury

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27
Q

The central nervous system consists

of two joined organs

A

the brain and

the spinal cord

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28
Q

The brain consists

of three parts

A
  • the cerebrum,
  • the cerebellum, and
  • the brain stem.
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29
Q

Damage to the cerebellum results in

A

the loss of muscular coordination.

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30
Q

The skin is the largest organ of the human

body. It serves three main functions:

A 
• Protects the body from the
environment.
• Maintains nerves that convey
information about the environment
to the brain.
• Regulates body temperature.
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31
Q

The liver rids the body of harmful substances in the

A

blood and stores

nutrients

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32
Q

The appendix is a small, blind pouch near

the junction of the

A

large and small

intestines, in the lower right quadrant

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33
Q

The pancreas has two main functions:

A

• It secretes into the blood the hormones
insulin and glucagon which are
important in the control of blood sugar
level
• It secretes into the duodenum digestive
enzymes and pancreatic juices which
aid in digestion

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34
Q

The gallbladder is a pear-shaped sac

attached to the underside of the

A

liver in the upper right quadrant

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35
Q

Kidneys regulate…

A

fluid volume and other
substances in the blood, and remove
wastes from the blood

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36
Q

The CSP recommends hepatitis vacine…

A

A and B
(and C when available) vaccination for all
ski patrollers

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37
Q

Equal and

reactive

A

Normal

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38
Q

Non-reactive

A

Glass eye or 􀀃

contact lens

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39
Q

Fixed and dilated

A

Brain hypoxia

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40
Q

Unequal

A

Head injury or

stroke, congenital

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41
Q

Fixed and

constricted

A

Drug abuse or
severe brain
damage

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42
Q

Small, pinpoint

A

Drug usage or

disease

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43
Q

Change from
constricted to
fixed and dilated

A

Worsening condition

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44
Q

Blue

A

Cyanosis

Lack of oxygen

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45
Q

Pale, cool and

clammy

A 
Circulatory problems
(shock, internal
bleeding)
Heat exhaustion
Hypoglycemia (insulin
shock)
46
Q

Dry, warm,

flushed

A

Hyperglycemia

diabetic coma

47
Q

Cold waxy

A

Hypothermia

Severe frostbite

48
Q

Red

A

Frostbite

Burn

49
Q

Yellow

A

Hepatitis/liver

dysfunction

50
Q

Flushed

A

Heat stroke

Crushing chest injury

51
Q

Onset

A

How did the pain start?
Was it sudden, gradual,
or an ongoing chronic
problem?

52
Q

Quality

A 
How would you describe
the pain?􀀃
(Burning, shooting pain,
numbness, throbbing,
etc.)
53
Q

Time

A

When did the pain
begin? How long has it
been present? Is it
intermittent or constant?

54
Q

Step 1. Scene survey Triage

A 
• Note the time
• Are there any further dangers to
myself, the patients or any others?
• What is the mechanism of injury 
(what happened)?
• Is there more that one person injured?
Yes
55
Q

Step 2. Conduct voice triage.

A 
Begin sorting patients by calling out,
"Canadian Ski Patrol, if you can walk,
come to the sound of my voice."
If you need assistance, you can ask the
"green" to help. They may also provide
useful information about the locations of
other patients.
56
Q

Step 3. Follow a systematic route. Triage

A
  • Start where you stand.
  • Start with the closest patients.
  • Work outward in a systematic fashion.
57
Q

Step 4. Triage and tag each patient

green, red, yellow or black

A

Red- critical,life-threatening injuries
Yellow - serious, Not immediately life-threatening
Green - minor, May need treatment
Black - dead or non-salvageable

58
Q

Step 5. Document triage results

A

Identify the locations of patients.
• Deploy resources effectively.
• Estimate the number of patients by
degree of severity

59
Q

Triage pitfalls

A 
• No team plan, organization, or goal.
• Indecisive leadership about where to
start and what to do.
• Too much focus on one injury
or person.
• Treatment rather than triage.
60
Q

Hypoxia is a condition resulting from a

decrease in the level of

A

oxygen available

to the cells

61
Q

Hypoxia may be caused

by CRASH

A 
C Cardiac
R Respiratory
A Altered level of consciousness
S Shock
H Head injury
62
Q

Inadequate respiration refers to

A

insufficient amounts of oxygen exchange

in the lungs

63
Q

the body’s major stimulus to

breathing becomes lower oxygen levels in a person with…

A 
Chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease (COPD)
64
Q

The flowmeter normally controls the
output of oxygen to be delivered
from one to

A

15 litres per minute (lpm).

65
Q

do not
administer oxygen using units equipped
with a positive

A

pressure resuscitator

66
Q

Always ensure a clear airway before

administering

A

oxygen

67
Q

Administering oxygen to

a breathing patient

A
  1. Explain the procedure to the patient.
  2. Place mask over their face.
  3. Recheck and adjust the flowmeter.
  4. Secure the equipment for transport.
  5. Monitor vitals and maintain airway
    continually.
  6. Be prepared to do artificial respiration
    in case of respiratory arrest.
68
Q

If the patient cannot tolerate wearing the

face mask

A

have them hold the mask close
to their face until they can put the mask
on.

69
Q

Oxygen can be administered to a nonbreathing

patient using a

A

pocket face

mask or a bag-valve mask resuscitator

70
Q

Signs and symptoms of airway

and breathing problems

A 
• an absence of, or irregular movement
of the chest wall and abdomen,
• abnormal breathing sounds
(whistling or high-pitched wheezing),
• irregular respiration rate or rhythm, and
• cyanosis (blueness of the skin).
71
Q

Signs and symptoms

of circulatory problems

A
  • cyanosis (blueness of the skin),
  • increased respiratory rate,
  • abnormal pulse rate and character,
  • shallow breathing,
  • pale, cool and clammy skin,
  • absent radial or carotid pulse, and
  • drop in blood pressure.
72
Q

There are two classes of airway

obstructions

A
  • mild airway obstructions, and

* severe airway obstructions

73
Q

To treat a mild airway obstruction,

do the following:

A
  1. Prevent further injury;
  2. Identify yourself as a trained first aider;
  3. Offer assistance and ask permission;
  4. Do not attempt abdominal thrusts;
  5. Never interfere with the patient’s efforts
    to clear the airway;
  6. Stay with the patient until breathing
    is normal;
  7. Monitor vital signs;
  8. Encourage the patient to try and
    dislodge the object by coughing;
  9. If the condition persists, activate EMS;
    10.If the patient becomes unresponsive,
    treat the situation as a severe airway
    obstruction.
74
Q

Signs and symptoms of a severe airway

obstruction include

A

• inability to speak, breathe or cough;
• absence of chest movement or
air exchange; and
• increased cyanosis.

75
Q

AR rates

A

Infant one every three
seconds (20/min.)

Child one every three
seconds (20/min.)

Adult one every five
seconds (12/min.)

76
Q

A patient who has breathing difficulty will
usually move into a position where
breathing is easiest. Typically, this
position will be either

A

sitting or reclining

77
Q

Typical closed chest injuries include

A
  • rib fractures,
  • flail chest,
  • pneumothorax.
78
Q

Signs and symptoms of fractured

ribs include:

A 
• Leaning toward the injured side with a
hand over the fracture area in an effort
to ease pain and immobilize the chest.
• A crackling sensation over the fracture
site (subcutaneous emphysema) may
be detected 
• Unwillingness or inability to take a
deep breath.
• Complaining of local pain and
tenderness 
• Pain when moving the rib cage when
breathing or coughing.
79
Q

Rib fracture treatment

A
  1. Administer oxygen, if available.
  2. Make the patient as comfortable
    as possible.
  3. Transport the patient quickly and safely
    to medical aid.
80
Q

Signs and symptoms of a flail

chest include

A
  • shortness of breath,
  • swelling over the injury site,
  • shock,
  • muscle splinting of the injury site,
  • possible paradoxical movement,
  • severe pain when inhaling or exhaling
81
Q

Flail chest treatment

A
  1. Administer oxygen asap.
  2. If the patient is experiencing difficulty
    breathing and particularly if cyanosis (blueness) is present, assist breathing with oxygen and assisted ventilations.
  3. Help the patient get in a comfortable position and transport him/her to medical aid. Activate EMS and treat as a load and go. Continue to monitor vital
    signs.
  4. Do not apply bulky padding or dressings to the flail segment so long as the patient is splinting the chest wall with the chest muscles or unless there
    is substantial bleeding.
82
Q

Signs and symptoms of a pneumothorax

include:

A

reduction of normal respiratory movements on the affected side,
• a fall in blood pressure,
• weak and rapid pulse,
• a sudden sharp chest pain.

83
Q

Pneumothorax Treatment

A
  1. Administer oxygen, if available,
  2. Activate EMS and treat as a load and
    go. Monitor vital signs. As a first aid
    provider, you cannot provide surgical
    release of the air from the chest cavity
84
Q

Signs and symptoms of a sucking (open) chest

wound may include

A 
• increasing difficulty in breathing,
• frothy blood at the mouth or site
of wound,
• rapid, weak pulse,
• cyanosis,
• falling blood pressure,
• localized chest pain.
85
Q

Open chest injury Treatment

A 
• If there is significant external bleeding,
direct pressure to the chest wound with
a hand and/or a non-occlusive
dressing should be applied.
• If a dressing becomes saturated and
the patient is deteriorating, the
dressing should be checked to prevent
it sealing the chest wound.
Transport the patient:
• in a position of comfort,
• in a position that will not impair
breathing,
• administer oxygen, if available,
• monitor vital signs,
• activate EMS 
and treat as a load and go.
86
Q

Shock is the medical condition that
develops as a result of an imbalance
between the

A

delivery of oxygen and the
consumption of oxygen at the cellular
level

87
Q

Shock increased pulse rate

A

The pulse rate increases in an attempt
to move more oxygenated blood to the
cells

88
Q

Shock Increased respiration rate

A

It is an attempt to increase the blood
oxygen levels and increase elimination
of carbon dioxide (CO2) via the lungs.

89
Q

Shock Pale, cool, clammy skin; delayed

capillary refill; cool extremities

A 
The body attempts to maintain blood
flow to the heart, brain, lungs and
kidneys by sacrificing blood flow to the
digestive organs and the extremities.
This is achieved by constricting the
arterioles and redistributing blood flow.
The result is pale, moist skin, cool
extremities and ultimately absent
peripheral pulses
90
Q

Shock High anxiety, restlessness

and aggression

A

It is due to reduced oxygen supply to the brain. Do not mistake this behavior for lack of consent

91
Q

Shock General weakness, dizziness

and nausea

A

It is due to reduced oxygen supply to

the brain.

92
Q

Shock Thirst

A

It is due to an attempt at restoring
blood volume. This volume could also
be lost through dehydration. Drinking
fluids will not restore blood volume.

93
Q

Shock Decreased pulse strength

A 
The volume of blood ejected by the
heart becomes less. This decrease
results in decreased pulse strength.
The heart may not be refilling
adequately, or it may not be emptying
effectively, or there may not be enough
blood to maintain the filling pressure
94
Q

Shock Drop in blood pressure

A

It may be caused by either a
combination of blood loss, loss of
peripheral vasoconstriction and/or
failure of the cardiac pump.

95
Q

Shock Decreased level of consciousness

A

It is due to a decrease in blood flow

and oxygen supply to the brain

96
Q

Shock treatment

A 
Stop external bleeding. Blood cannot
be replaced in our environmental
setting.
• Activate EMS and treat as a load and
go.
• Administer oxygen at high flow rate.
• Keep the patient warm.
• Lay the patient down.
• Treat the patient gently.
• Give nothing by mouth.
• Closely monitor the patient.
Record vital signs and history.
• Reassure the patient.
Do the following, as required:
• Assure adequate breathing,
assist ventilations.
• Move patient to recovery position in
case of vomiting.
97
Q

There is not much to do as a first aid
provider in the case of internal bleeding.
As soon as signs and symptoms appear,
do the following:

A

Activate EMS and treat as a load and
go.
• Treat for shock (don’t wait for it
to happen).

98
Q

skull fracture Signs and symptoms

A 
• Depressed fractures may result in a
portion of the skull pressing into the
brain.
• Fractures of the base of the skull
frequently result in bleeding from the
ears, nose or mouth. Make sure this
blood is not a result of laceration of the
surrounding skin.
• The clear, straw-coloured fluid which
surrounds the brain - cerebrospinal
fluid - may leak from the ears or nose
as a result of a skull fracture. This type
of injury should be suspected if a
patient has sustained a severe impact
to the jaw.
99
Q

Consussion Typical Symptoms

A 
• Headache
• Feeling dazed or "slow"
• Dizziness
• Seeing stars or flashing lights
• Ringing in the ears (tinnitus)
• Sleepiness
• Loss of field of vision, double vision,
blurred vision, light sensitivity
• Nausea
100
Q

Consussion Look for the following

A 
Memory or orientation problems:
• General confusion
• Memory loss
• Unaware of time, date, place
• Repeatedly asks the same questions
101
Q

Concussion Signs

A 
Poor coordination or balance.
• Vacant stare or glassy-eyed.
• Vomiting.
• Slurred speech.
• Slow to answer questions or
follow directions.
• Easily distracted, poor concentration.
• Displaying unusual or inappropriate
emotions (e.g. laughing, crying,
swearing.)
• Personality changes.
102
Q

Consussion treatment

A
  1. Maintain an open airway. Be prepared to administer assisted ventilations if the patient’s condition deteriorates.
    Activate EMS.
  2. Administer oxygen if available.
  3. Be on the alert for the development of more serious internal head injuries,
    they are a load and go.
  4. Treat as for C-spine injury. Because head injuries are more likely to lead to
    an unresponsive patient, monitor carefully and be prepared to tilt the
    backboard to enable fluids to drain from the mouth and throat.
  5. Maintain normal body temperature.
  6. Do not give any fluids.
  7. Your record keeping can be critically important in the case of head injuries.
    Inform medical authorities of the following:
    • Time and details of the incident.
    • Presence or absence of signs and symptoms of spinal disabilities or external head injury.
    • Duration of unresponsiveness,
    if any.
    • Pay particular attention to any change in vital signs and the pupils.
    Check them every five minutes.
    A patient who has lost consciousness should be kept under medical supervision for 24 hours following the injury.
103
Q

Impaired or unequal reaction to light

A

Intracranial pressure

104
Q

Fixed and dilated

A

Severe damage to the central functions of

the brain

105
Q

One pupil dilated and one pupil normal

A

Damage is limited to one side of the brain

106
Q

Fixed, constricted pupils

A

Drug abuse or severe irreparable brain

damage

107
Q

Constricted pupils that later become fixed

and dilated

A

Worsening condition

108
Q

Signs and symptoms of spinal injury

may include:

A 
• great anxiety and reluctance for a
conscious patient to voluntarily move
their head or spine,
• muscular stiffness/rigidity alongside
the spinal column (self splinting),
• pain in the midline of the neck or back,
• TIC (Tenderness, Instability, Crepitus)
along the spine,
• loss of movement in any extremity,
• numbness, tingling or burning
sensation in any extremity,
• sudden onset of breathing difficulty
since the incident,
• a mechanism of injury with a high
probability for spinal injury.
109
Q

The Canadian C-Spine Rule

Inclusion criteria are

A 
• Greater than 16 years old.
• Awake, alert, oriented (may not recall
the details of the event) Glasgow
Coma Scale =15.
• Normal vital signs.
• No pre-existing vertebral disease.
• Acute, blunt injury less than 4 hours
ago.
• No penetrating spinal trauma.
• No paralysis.
• Not already immobilized.
110
Q

CCSR High risk factors are

A
  • Age > 65 years.
  • Dangerous mechanisms.
  • Numbness/tingling in extremities.
111
Q

CCSR Dangerous mechanisms are

A 
• Vertical fall from elevations greater
than 1 meter with an abrupt stop.
• Axial load to the head.
• High speed collision with an abrupt
stop.
• Vehicle/snowrider collisions.
112
Q

CCSR Low risk factors

A 
• Low speed collision.
• Sitting on the ground/snow.
• Ambulatory at any time at the scene.
• No neck/back pain at scene when
asked.
• No pain during midline palpation.
No intoxication
No evidence of distracting injury that might mask spinal injury pain

AFA (1 decks)

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