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patient and medical management > A.evaluation > Flashcards

A.evaluation Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

study of what causes the disease is

A

Etiology

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2
Q

What are some examples of risk factors?

A

Age, lifestyle, family history, chronic conditions, enviroment

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3
Q

study of how many people have a disease/ frequency of disease is called:

A

Epidemiology

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4
Q

______ can detect cancer before a patient will show symptoms

A

Screening tests

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5
Q

what is a false positive?

A

false positive test shows abnormal pretense when there is no cancer

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6
Q

what Is false negative

A

tests show normal results when there is cancer

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7
Q

______ can detect cancer before a patient will show symptoms

A

Screening tests

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8
Q

what does it mean when a test is sensitive?

A

sensitive means it can accuratley detect a tumor in the early stages

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9
Q

what does it mean when a test is specific?

A

Specific means it can detect a particular type of cancer

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10
Q

What can colorectal cancer be screened with?

A

colonoscopy - every 10 yrs
, sigmoidoscopy - every 5 yrs
, and stool tests, - every 3 yrs

recommended for men age 50+

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11
Q

what is breast cancer screened with?

A

mammograms - recommended ages - 40+ annualy

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12
Q

what can lung cancer be screened with?

A

Low-dose helical CT

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13
Q

what is cervical cancer screened for?

A

pap smear and HPV test - age 25 - 65

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14
Q

what is prostate cancer screened for?

A

digital rectal exam and
prostate-specific atigen test (PSA test)

age 50+

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15
Q

_____ is an indication of disease observed by someone who is examining the patient

A

sign

ex: the doctor sees a change in the patients mole

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16
Q

_______ an indication of disease that is observed by the patient (subjective)

A

Symptom

ex: the patient feels pain or nausea

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17
Q

What does KPS range from

A

0-100

18
Q

For KPS a higher score means

A

patient can better perform daily activities

19
Q

What are the typical vitals taken?

A

Temperature, pulse, respirations, and blood pressure

20
Q

What is normal body Temperature

A

97.8-99.1 degrees F

21
Q

Where all can your temperature be taken?

A

mouth, axilla , rectum

22
Q

what type of temperature reading is most accurate

A

Rectal

23
Q

what Is the normal pulse for an adult?

A

60-100 beats per minute

24
Q

Where is the most common location to measure pulse?

A

Radial artery

25
Q

where is the most accurate location to measure pulse?

A

Apical artery

-The apical pulse is one of eight common arterial pulse sites. It can be found in the left center of your chest, just below the nipple

26
Q

what is the normal adult respiration rate?

A

12-20 breaths per minute

27
Q

what is the normal adult blood preassure

A

less than 120/80 mmHh

120 - sistolic - 90-140 first sound

80 - diastolic - 60 - 80 last sound

28
Q

___________ injects a radioactive material into a patient that releases gamma rays and then the uptake can be imaged and the radiation is measured (shows the body’s anatomy and function).

A

nuclear medicine (PET scans)

29
Q

________ are 2D images of the body such as chest x-ray, abdomen (KUB), etc

A

Radiographs

30
Q

for Nuclear Medicine (PET Scans): what is the most common radiotracer used

A

F-18 Flurodeoxyglucose (FDG)

31
Q

Computed Tomography (CT):

A

_________ are 3D images of the body that show more detail than radiographs and can visualize the contrast of air, soft tissue and bone

32
Q

___________ is 3D images that use radiofrequency waves and a magnetic field (doesn’t use radiation) (shows soft tissue better than CT)

A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

33
Q

___________ uses high-frequency sound waves to image soft tissue within the body. ( NO RADIATION)

A

Diagnostic ultrasound

34
Q

What are some examples of diagnostic blood testing?

A

CBC, blood protein testing, tumor marker tests

35
Q

A long thin needle is used to draw out fluid or cells of a suspicious area describes…

A

Fine-needle aspiration

36
Q

A larger needle with a cutting tip draws a column of tissue from a suspicious area describes….

A

Core needle biopsy

37
Q

suction device is used to increase the amount of fluid and cells removed through a needle describes….

A

Vacuum-assisted biopsy

38
Q

_________ uses imaging procedures with a needle biopsy

A

Image-guided biopsy

39
Q

Removal of a segment of the tumor is called ___ biopsy

A

incisional biopsy

40
Q

Removal of the whole tumor is called ____ biopsy

A

Excisional biopsy

41
Q

What does positive margins in a pathology report mean

A

Cancer cells are found at the outer edge of sample

42
Q

What does close margins in a pathology report mean

A

Neither positive or negative

patient and medical management (3 decks)

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