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M4 Oral Cancer > Aetiology - Viruses > Flashcards

Aetiology - Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

What are some Infectious Agents - Viruses?

A
  • Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) - can be responsible for HNSCC
  • Epstein-barr virus (EBV) (HHV4) - can be responsible for HNSCC
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) - can be responsible for HNSCC
  • Human Herpes Virus (HHV 1&2) - when combined with HIV, can be responsible for HNSCC
  • Cytomegalovirus (HHV5) - not responsible for malignancies, but responsible for lesions
  • Coxsackie Virus - not responsible for malignancies, but responsible for lesions
  • Paramyxovirus - not responsible for malignancies, but responsible for lesions
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2
Q

What are the 5 types of HPV?

A

5 types:

  • Alpha - most commonly associated with skin (warts, verruca’s)
  • Beta - most commonly associated with oral mucosa
  • Gamma
  • Mu
  • Nu
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3
Q

What is the most common HPV associated lesion within the oral cavity?

A
  • The most common HPV associated lesion within the oral cavity is a Papilloma:
  • Completely benign
  • Often asymptomatic
  • Commonly found on soft palate but can present anywhere
  • Easily treated by excision
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4
Q

High-risk types of HPV cause the following cancers…

A

High-risk types of HPV cause the following cancers:

  • Cervical
  • Anal
  • Oropharyngeal
  • Vaginal
  • Vulvar
  • Penile - Spread through direct sexual contact - white, non-smoking males age 35 to 55 are most at risk, 4 to 1 over females.
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5
Q

What is HPV?

A
  • Double stranded DNA circular virus
  • Epitheliotropic - targets mucosa
  • Only 1% progress to malignant disease
  • Belong to the papovavirus group
  • Are small, non-enveloped DNA viruses of a symmetrical icosahedral shape
  • Papillomavirus particles consist of a single molecule of double-stranded circular DNA with approximately 8000 bp, contained in a capsid (spherical protein coat) composed of 72 capsomeres
  • 200 types have been identified
  • HPV viruses can be grouped into high-risk (HR) and low-risk (LR) HPV types
  • HR-HPVs are associated with carcinogenesis -16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 52.
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6
Q

HPV 16 is of interest due to oncogenic properties. What does it Contain?

A

HPV 16 is of interest due to oncogenic properties. Contains:

  • 6 Early Genes

E1, E2, E4, E5, E6, E7

E6 and E7 are the genes that affect tumour suppressor function and are the oncogenic properties

  • 2 Late Genes

L1 and L2

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7
Q

What is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) ?

A

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
  • Infection with HIV weakens the immune system and makes the body less able to fight off other infections that cause cancer
  • Increased risks of Kaposi sarcoma, lymphomas (including both non-Hodgkins lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease), and cancers of the cervix, anus, lung, liver and throat
  • Transmitted via sexual contact, blood contact and shared needles.
  • Oral symptoms include candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia, accelerated periodontal disease, kapsosis’s sarcoma, salivary gland disease, oral ulcers.
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8
Q

Who is at risk of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) ?

A
  • Men who have unprotected sex with other men and people who share needles for injection drug use are at the highest risk of acquiring HIV infection
  • Heterosexual individuals who have unprotected sex with multiple partners are at the next highest risk
  • People can be infected with HIV for years before they begin to develop symptoms
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9
Q

How is HIV treated?

A

Highly effective antiviral treatment (HAART)

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10
Q

What are the Risk Factors for HPV?

A

Risk Factors for HPV:

  • Number of sexual partners
  • The greater your number of sexual partners, the more likely you are to contract a genital HPV infection; and when engaging in oral sex, this also holds true for oral infections.
  • Having sex with a partner who has had multiple sex partners also increases your risk
  • Weakened immune system:
  • People who have weakened immune system are at greater risk of HPV infections.
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11
Q

What is Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)?

A

Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)

  • A type of herpes virus
  • Mononucleosis
  • Burkitt’s Lymphoma
  • Nose and throat cancers
  • Transmitted by contact with saliva, sexual contact, blood transfusions, and organ transplantation
  • Infection is life long
  • >90% of people worldwide will be infected with EBV during their lifetime, and most do not develop any symptoms
  • There is no vaccine to prevent EBV infection and no specific treatment for EBV infection.
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M4 Oral Cancer (8 decks)

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