aetiology of hypertension

Question 1

primary hypertension

Answer 1

abnormally high blood pressure that’s not the result of a medical condition

Question 2

secondary hypertension

Answer 2

caused by medical conditions:
- renal/renovascular disease
- endocrine disease (cushings syndrome, crohns syndrome)

Question 3

common causes of secondary hypertension

Answer 3

• intrinsic renal disease
• renovascular disease
• mineral corticoid excess
• sleep breathing disorder (sleep apnoea)

Question 4

renovascular hypertension

Answer 4

• high blood pressure caused by the narrowing of the arteries that carry blood to your kidneys
• atherosclerosis
• fibromuscular dysplasia

Question 5

fibromuscular dyspepsia

Answer 5

rare blood vessel disorder in which some of the strong flexible cells in arteries are replaced with cells that are more fibrous causing the composition of the arteries to become stiffer and more prone to damage

Question 6

hypertension target organs

Answer 6

• CVS (heart/blood vessels)
• kidneys
• nervous system
• eyes

Question 7

hypertension effects on CVS

Answer 7

• ventricle hypertrophy (thickening of wall in hearts main pumping chamber
• arrhythmias (abnormal heart rhythm)
• coronary arty disease/acute MI
• arterial aneurysm

Question 8

hypertension effect on heart

Answer 8

left ventricle hypertrophy - increased workload of left ventricle increasing afterload, LV tries to compensate for increased workload
major risk factor for ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, heart failure

Question 9

hypertension effect on heart

Answer 9

left ventricle hypertrophy - increased workload of left ventricle increasing afterload, LV tries to compensate for increased workload
major risk factor for ischemic heart disease, arrhythmias, heart failure

Question 10

hypertension effect on kidneys

Answer 10

• glomerular sclerosis leading to impaired kidney function and finally end stage kidney disease
• reduction in GFR
• ischemic kidney disease especially when renal artery stenosis is the cause of hypertension

Question 11

hypertension effect on the nervous system

Answer 11

• stroke, intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage
• cerebral atrophy and dementia

Question 12

hypertension effect on the eyes

Answer 12

• retinopathy, retinal hemorrhages and impaired vision
• vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachment
• neuropathy of the nerves leading to extraocular muscle paralysis and dysfunction