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Aerospace System > Aerospace System > Flashcards

Aerospace System Flashcards

quizzes quesions

1
Q

What’s the definition of a
system?

A

Its a set, assembled from a number of sub-systems
or individual components, capable of treating
physical matter , energy or information in order to
meet a specific purpose.

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2
Q

What’s the definition of systems
engineering?

A

Systems engineering is a holistic, interdisciplinary
management process aimed at evolving system
solutions to satisfy consumer/user needs.

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3
Q

What is the Pyramid of Systems
Hierarchy?

A

A visual pyramid diagram describing how systems
are created.
An ‘enterprise’ at the top
‘Systems of systems’ near the top
‘System’ in the middle
‘Components/subsystems’ at the bottom

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4
Q

Name some factors which
influence the development of
systems engineering:

A

1.) Advancement in technology: Creates new
opportunities but also induces more development
risk
2.) Competition: Drives seeking superior solutions,
often at trade offs too.
3.) Specialization: Requires breaking a system into
components corresponding to user needs.

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5
Q

Name any two principles of
systems thinking:

A

Hierarchy, viability, completeness, emergence,
boundary, holism

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6
Q

Name any two systems
engineering problem solving
steps:

A

1.) Understand the problem context
2.) Identify and understand the problem
3.) Generate potential solution options
4.) Implement the chosen solution
5.) Review the success of said system

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7
Q

Name all four elements that
make the ‘’ Structure of
Systems Engineering’’ :

A

S.E Management (planning / organization )
Requirements and architecture definition
Development of sub-systems
System integration and verification

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8
Q

What is the 1. Lifecycle 2.
Lifecycle stage and 3. Lifecycle
process?

A
  1. Lifecycle : Evolution of a system through time.
    From concept to disposal entirely.
  2. Lifecycle stage : An identified objective within the
    systems life, used to manage resources and
    activities of a project.
  3. Lifecycle process : A sequence of tasks needed
    to achieve a defined goal WITHIN a lifecycle phase.
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9
Q

Name any generic process
model.

A

Waterfall model
v- model
Spiral model
Spiral to circle model

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10
Q

What is the difference between
Process order and Process
dependency , when applied to
a lifecycle model?

A

Process order = The order processes must occur
when designing a successful system
Process dependency = What a process depends on
for its design

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11
Q

What are the process
interdependencies contained
within the ‘ V ‘ Model?

A

(user testing) Requirements and concepts <—–> Demonstration
and validation.
(system testing) Architecture and specification <— > Integration and
verification.
(Integration system)Design <——> Testing

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12
Q

Discuss the difference between
a lifecycle stage and lifecycle
process

A

A stage is an identified objective within the lifecycle,
whilst a process contains the sequence of tasks
needed to reach a goal, within a lifecycle stage.

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13
Q

Discuss the difference between
a technical process and a
project process

A

Technical processes relate to the application of
system problem solving, whilst project processes
ensure viability of a lifecycle stage.

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14
Q

Discuss the difference between
a lifecycle model and a project

A

A lifecycle model aims to deal with problems which
affect the lifecycle , whilst a project is the
overarching idea and work needed to achieve
everything.

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15
Q

What is the relationship
between system levels and
project relationships.

A

System levels show the connected order of system
design, and project relationships are used to define
these system levels

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16
Q

What is ‘’ System design
methodology’’

A

Its a path needed to achieve 3 primary objectives :
1.) Initiation of creative processes for achieving
novel and innovative solutions of lasting relevance
2.) Envisage all necessary system design elements
3.) Assurance that design has appropriate
consequences on the environment and society
throughout its lifecycle

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17
Q

Name any two types of
Customer needs:

A

Direct needs
Latent needs
Constant needs
Variable needs
General needs
Niche needs

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18
Q

What represents the ‘’ House of
Quality ‘’?

A

A ‘ product planning matrix’ which shows how
customer requirements relate to ways /methods
designers can achieve those requirements.

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19
Q

What types of system
architecture can we
recognize?

A

Integral type : Each tool performs one task
Modular: Architecture contains sub-structures which
correspond to subsets of the system functional
model.

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20
Q

Name any two methods used
for concept design?

A

Brain storming
Brain ball method
C-Sketch/ 6-3-5 method
TRIZ ( Theory of inventive problem solving )
Morphological analysis

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21
Q

Define the meaning of an
Aerospace System

A

A collection of components which connect substructures together to fill a specific task. Eg Landing
gear, air conditioning, flight controls, emergency
systems, fuel systems, hydraulic/pneumatic systems.

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22
Q

Name any 4 on board
aerospace systems

A

Landing gear, air conditioning, flight controls,
hydraulic/pneumatic systems

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23
Q

From the perspective of safety
and mission success, how can
we classify aerospace
systems?

A

Primary systems -Failure can lead to safety
compromises
Secondary systems: Failure can degrade
performance but doesn’t compromise safety

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24
Q

What are the design
specification for aerospace
systems. Give an example too

A

A design specification is a parameter you need to
keep in mind when designing your system.
Example : Fuel systems requires fuel volume
knowledge, pressure and flow knowledge too

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25
Q

What are the most important
constraints for the design of an
Aerospace system?

A

Weight is #1 constraint.
Center of gravity, available volume, material limits

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26
Q

What represents the ‘’
Functional Diagram’’ of the
system?

A

A block diagram representing the function
performed by system components , and the
processes to make that function happen

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27
Q

Name any type of Technical
drawing?

A

Part, component, system or sub-system assemblies.

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28
Q

Name all quantities defining
power (mechanical, electrical,
fluid-hydraulics, fluid pneumatics) , and provide the
equations.

A

Velocity (mechanical) : P=vF
Angular velocity (mechanical) P=omega*M
Voltage (Electrical) P=IV
Pressure ( Fluid hydraulic ) P=pQ
Specific enthalpy ( Fluid- gaseous ) P=h * dm/dt

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29
Q

Name any On-board
Aerospace system and which
type of power it consumes.

A

Fuel system- Uses Electric and Pneumatic systems

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30
Q

What is fluid Viscosity?

A

The fluids resistance to flow.

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31
Q

What is dynamic viscosity

A

measure of the molecular “stickiness” between
layers of a fluid

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32
Q

What is vapor pressure?

A

a measure of the force exerted by a gas above a
liquid

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33
Q

What is the flash point of fuel?

A

The lowest temperature when if ignited, a fluid
evaporates enough to burn a flame.

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34
Q

What is the Auto-ignition
point?

A

Auto-ignition point is the lowest temperature when
flame is generated in presence of air, with no
external ignition.

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35
Q

What is compressibility?

A

a measure of how much the volume of matter
decreases under pressure

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36
Q

What represents the Bulk
modulus and what’s its units?

A

How resistant to compression a substance is .
(Pascals)

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37
Q

What is the effective bulk
modulus?

A

This is the bulk modulus, but also considering
concentrations of air/vapor within the substance
too

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38
Q

Define pascals principle:

A

Pressure applied to a fluid in a closed container is
transmitted equally to every point of the fluid and to
the walls of that container (Nelly the dinosaur from
fluid mechanics year 1)

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39
Q

What is kinematic viscosity?

A

ratio of dynamic viscosity to density

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40
Q

Whats the pressure drop
phenomenon?

A

Due to frictional forces, the pressure doesn’t remain
constant through pipes.

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41
Q

What is Reynolds number?

A

A unitless number indicating whether flow is
laminar or turbulent.

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42
Q

Whats the hydraulic diameter

A

4A/P , A = area of pipe, P = perimeter

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43
Q

What’s the friction coefficient?

A

A coefficient accounting for frictional losses in
pipes

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44
Q

For fully turbulent flow, the
friction coefficient is a function
of which parameter?

A

Reynolds number, but also relative roughness

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45
Q

What represents the ‘(head)
loss coefficient’

A

Losses of energy due to sudden sharp geometry
changes.

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46
Q

Describe the phenomenon of
‘‘Water hammer’’

A

Its an overpressure caused by the rapid closure of
valves

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47
Q

Whats the purpose of hydraulic
systems?

A

Transformation, distribution and utilization of
mechanical energy through the use of
incompressible fluid at high pressures.

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48
Q

What type of hydraulic device
generates and maintains
pressure?

A

Pumps and valves

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49
Q

What are the main positives of
hydraulic systems?

A

high reliability
ease of control
reduced maintenance requirements

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50
Q

What aircraft systems are
powered by hydraulics?

A

Airbrakes, flaps, rudder, elevators, ailerons

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51
Q

What are the advantages of
high pressure hydraulic
instalations?

A

You can use smaller actuators and cylinders
Reduced component weight
Smaller component volume

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52
Q

Name some types of
volumetric positive
displacement pump

A

gear pumps, lobe pumps, membrane pumps

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53
Q

Which types of pump work on
the fluid-dynamic principle

A

centrifugal, axial, hydraulic shock pumps

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54
Q

How many pistons are needed
for a smooth piston pump?

A

7-9

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55
Q

How does operating pressure
affect the flow capacity for a
positive displacement pump?

A

As pressure increases, flow decreases.

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56
Q

Why should we keep pressure
constant in hydraulic systems?

A

Sizing of the actuators is based on constant
pressure
No interference between multiple hydraulic
motors/actuators.

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57
Q

Name a method of flow
regulation for volumetric
pumps?

A

A variable flow delivery to the pump

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58
Q

Whats the purpose of hydraulic
systems piping

A

Distribution of flow and pressure from
generators(pumps) to consumers (actuators or
hydraulic motors).

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59
Q

Whats the role of a hydraulic
accumulator

A

Used to damp pressure fluctuations

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60
Q

Name some types of hydraulic
accumulator

A

Spring, gas fluid, gas piston, gas bladder

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61
Q

Name 2 types of hydraulic
cylinders-actuators?

A

Single acting, unbalanced
Double acting, unbalanced
Tandem, balanced
Telescoping

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62
Q

Whats the purpose of a heat
exchanger in a hydraulic
system?

A

To transfer heat from the high temp pressure area,
elswehere

63
Q

Whats the function of a relief
valve?

A

Opens in case of excess pressure, stopping system
damage

64
Q

Whats the function of a check
valve?

A

Allows one directional flow

65
Q

Whats the purpose of a
hydraulic distributor?

A

They determine the flow direction within a hydraulic
system.

66
Q

Which on-board systems use
pneumatics?

A

Aircon
De-icing
Defrosting
Fuel transfer
Fuel tank ventilation

67
Q

Wha’ts the main source of air
from pneumatics, and where
does it come from

A

Bleed air from the jet engine compressor. Air is
taken from the 2nd, 5th and 6th compressor stages

68
Q

What is the purpose of a
compressor and explain how it
works

A

Theyre used to increase the pressure and
temperature of the air, before the combustion
chamber stage.

69
Q

What is the purpose of a
turbine and explain how it
works.

A

Turbines extract energy from the fluid flow, and
converts it to useful work out.

70
Q

How should we start a main
aircraft jet-engine with a
pneumatic system

A

A burst of compressed air on the jet engine turbine
from the APU starts the cycle. Batteries are used to
work the APU.

71
Q

Name all landing gear
components which
absorb/dissipate impact
energy upon landing

A

Tires
Wheels
Brakes
Wheel assembly bogie
Strut and shock absorber

72
Q

What are the limits for
permissible vertical
component for landing gear
speed?

A

around 2m/s

73
Q

Describe the working principle
of a landing gear shock
absorber

A

They essentially convert kinetic energy to thermal
energy, and then dissipate that to the atmosphere.
Basically oil pumps, where pistons work against
hydraulic fluid to form pressure

74
Q

Name some types of shock
absorber

A

Coil spring type
Rubber pad type
Deformable leg leaf spring type

75
Q

What are the values for landing
gear shock absorber stroke

A

2-8 inches typically, depending on aircraft size

76
Q

Whats the purpose of wheels
in the landing gear assembly?

A

They support the tire

77
Q

Whats the purpose and
function of landing gear brakes

A

They slow down and stop the aircraft during taxiing

78
Q

What are the main components
of disc brakes and how do disc
brakes function

A

Rotor disc
Stator disc
Brake assembly
Friction occurs between the rotor and stator disc,
and hence creates braking torque.

79
Q

What materials are used for
making disk brake rotors and
stators

A

Combination of steel and composite carbon based
materials.
Used to be beryllium alloys and steel

80
Q

How much energy is typically
absorbed by the brakes?

A

Multiple millions of Newton-Meters worth of energy

81
Q

How can you estimate the
kinetic energy dissipated by
the brakes

A

MCvdT/dt
Mass of brake
Specific heat capacity of brakes material
Temperature of brakes

82
Q

How does the ABS work on an
aircraft?

A

If a wheel within the braking system is locking up,
the ABS releases that pressure momentarily so each
each wheel remains the same speed.

83
Q

which aircraft systems use
electrical power as the energy
source?

A

Lighting
Navigation instruments
Fuel pumps

84
Q

What types of circuits are used,
and what are their Voltage and
frequency levels

A

DC compatible circuits use 28V ( 0 frequency since
its DC)
AC can be variable or constant frequency. 115-200V
and ~400Hz

85
Q

Name some aircraft electrical
power sources

A

Engines
APU
Ground network connections
Batteries
R.A.T (Ram Air Turbine)

86
Q

How can we control frequency
in power generation?

A

Alternators convert variables into constant
frequency outputs

87
Q

What does IDG stand for?

A

Integrated Drive Generator

88
Q

What does CSD stand for?

A

Constant Speed Drive

89
Q

What does VSCF stand for

A

Variable Speed Constant Frequency

90
Q

What does VFG stand for

A

Variable Frequency Generator

91
Q

How can we convert AC to DC

A

ATransformer Rectifying unit ( TRU) results in wave
rectification

92
Q

How can we convert DC to AC

A

Uses a system comprised of an oscillator, phase
shifter, and transformer

93
Q

How can we store electrical
power onboard

A

Batteries

94
Q

Name some types of aircraft
batteries

A

Lead
Nickel-Cadmium
Silver-Zinc
Lithium-Ion

95
Q

How can we prevent
electrostatic charges from
causing damage

A

Discharge rods dissipate static energy

96
Q

What is the ‘‘Ram Air Turbine’’

A

In case of an emergency, the R.A.T is an external
energy generator, comprised of a turbine which is
moved by fast flowing air outside the fuselage.

97
Q

Name all flight control surfaces
for pitch, yaw and roll

A

Elevators ( pitch )
Rudder (Yaw)
Ailerons ( Roll )

98
Q

Name primary and secondary
flight controls

A

Primary - Roll, pitch and yaw based systems
Secondary - Flaps, spoilers, airbrakes, landing gear
retraction, reverse thrusters

99
Q

What control surface
combination makes an Elevon

A

Elevator +Aileron

100
Q

What control surface
combination makes a Flaperon

A

Flaps + Ailerons

101
Q

What control surface
combination makes a Taileron

A

Aileron + Rudder

102
Q

What control surface
combination makes a
Ruddevator?

A

Rudder + Elevator

103
Q

Name all 4 methods for
actuating flight controls

A

Manual
Electric
Pneumatic
Hydraulic

104
Q

Whats the purpose of a
balance tab on the control
surface

A

Provides aerodynamic balance and makes it easier
for the pilot to move the controls

105
Q

Whats the difference between
power assisted and power
operated flight controls?

A

Power assisted allows for reversible controls
Power operated has no reversibility.

106
Q

What are the main
characteristics of Fly-By-Wire
systems?

A

Replaces manual flight control with an electronic
interface

107
Q

What are Fly by wire systems
advantages?

A

Reduced weight and pilot workload
Less chance of errors

108
Q

What is the Fly-By-Wire weak
point?

A

The control software

109
Q

Which types of aircraft cant fly
without Fly-By-wire

A

Unstable aircrafts - B-2 bomber
Forward swept wing aircrafts - SU-47
Thrust vector controlled aircraft - Sukohoi T-50
Manoeuvring difficulties aircraft - Harrier jet

110
Q

Name all helicopter flight
controls and functions.

A

Collective pitch control/ Throttle - Changes AOA of
main rotor - Lateral movement
Cyclic pitch control - Horizontal directional control
Pedals- Yaw

111
Q

Name 6 basic flight instruments

A

Airspeed indicator
Attitude indicator
Altimeter
Turn indicator
Heading indicator
Vertical speed indicator

112
Q

What instrument tells about
pitch and bank angle?

A

The Attitude indicator

113
Q

Whats the principle of pitotstatic instruments?

A

It compares static and ram( impact) pressures

114
Q

How does the altimeter work?

A

Aneroid wafers expand and contract as
atmospheric pressure changes

115
Q

How does the airspeed
indicator work?

A

Compares ram air from pitot tube with static air
from static port.

116
Q

How do Angle of Attack
sensors work?

A

As the floating vane rotates due to airflow, its
position is transformed to an electrical output

117
Q

Name some types of Angle of
attack sensors

A

Slotted probe
Floating vane sensor

118
Q

Name some types of stall
sensors

A

Reed- type stall sensor
Switch type stall sensor

119
Q

How does a stall sensor work?

A

As the angle of attack approaches its maximum, the
stall sensor warns so. It does this via vibrations and
sound.

120
Q

Name any giro instrument

A

Attitude indicator

121
Q

What instrument indicates your
turns

A

Turn and heading indicators

122
Q

What types of heading
indicators are there?

A

Ring laser gyro
Fiber optic gyroscope

123
Q

How does the magnetic
compass work?

A

Magnets mounted on the compass card align
themselves parallel to the Earth’s lines of magnetic
force.

124
Q

What is the Glass cockpit?

A

An airplane cockpit that features electronic
instrument displays

125
Q

What is autopilot?

A

A computer which can fly an airplane on its own.
Typically used to maintain flight rather than
land/take’off however these functions are possible
too.

126
Q

How does radar work?

A

Radar is an electronic system that uses a pulse
transmission of radio energy to receive a reflected
signal from a target (echo).

127
Q

What is GPS?

A

Global Positioning System. A system that determines
one’s exact location on Earth.

128
Q

How does GPS work?

A

A GPS receiver determines a three-dimensional
position in space by calculating multiple ranges
from at least four satellites.

129
Q

What is ILS?

A

Instrument Landing System. Assists in landing

130
Q

What is reliability?

A

the consistency with which the same event is
repeatedly measured.

131
Q

What is maintainability?

A

The probability a device which has failed will be
restored to operation within a given time

132
Q

What is availability?

A

The proportion of system Up-Time over its lifetime.

133
Q

What is the Mean Time To fail
(MTTF)?

A

Mean time until the first failure after entering
surface

134
Q

what is mean time between
failures? (MTBF)

A

Measures the average time between failures of a
device

135
Q

What is the mean time between
repair ( MTBR)

A

Mean time to restore the device to operating
condition

136
Q

Name some types of
redundancy

A

Active redundancy and Standby Redundancy

137
Q

What is the fuel system
purpose

A

To supply engines with fuel required for flight

138
Q

What do we need to know to
size an aircraft fuel system

A

Required fuel volume
Limitations in shifting center of gravity
Min and max fuel flow rate

139
Q

What % of MTOW is fuel for the
passenger aircraft

A

30-45%

140
Q

Name some types of fuel tanks

A

Rigid reservoirs
Flexible reservoirs
Integral reservoirs

141
Q

What is the purpose of a ‘tip’
tank, and where are they
located. What motion is most
affected by tip tanks?

A

Fuel tanks at the wing tips. Roll is affected most by
these.

142
Q

What are advantages and
disadvantages of fuel tanks in
airplane wings?

A

Advantages- there’s lots of free space.
Easy to feed to the engines from here
Disadvantages - combat aircraft provides
dangerous challenges putting it there
Can also affect roll movement

143
Q

How can we refuel an airplane

A

External fuel vehicles connect to the underside of
the wings
Air/vapor needs to be bled from the system prior to
refuelling
You can also fuel mid flight too

144
Q

What do you do with excess
fuel during an emergency
landing

A

Dump it

145
Q

What aircraft sub-system
handles fuel surplus?

A

Fuel jettison system

146
Q

How can we measure fuel
levels in airplane tanks

A

Integration of the fuel flow to the engines gives a
rough idea..
Ultrasound or floating type with potentiometer
works well though

147
Q

Describe how a fuel level
probe works

A

Ultrasound waves work by emitting high frequency
acoustic waves which are reflected and detected by
the sensor

148
Q

What is the purpose of the
Environmental control system

A

It ensures the environment of the cabin/cockpit is
safe for passengers and comfortable too

149
Q

What is the use of ECS on
board aircraft?

A

It manages cabin air pressure, air quality and cargo
ventilation/heating

150
Q

What is ‘‘equivalent altitude’’ for
cabin pressure

A

Its the equivalent altitude pressure the cabin is kept
at ( ~ 8000ft )

151
Q

What is the source of cabin air?

A

Air from the pneumatic system

152
Q

Name one type of
thermodynamic cycle for
supply of cabin air

A

Bootstrap cycle
or
Refrigeration cycle

153
Q

How can we control the
oxygen supply for passengers
in normal conditions

A

Increase air total pressure through the Air con
system

154
Q

How can we control the
oxygen supply for passengers
in emergency conditions

A

Emergency oxygen masks and oxygen tanks drop
from above

Aerospace System (1 decks)

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