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UPT > Aerospace Physiology > Flashcards

Aerospace Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the approximate percentage of oxygen, nitrogen and other gases at 18,000 feet MSL?

A

21 percent oxygen, 78 percent nitrogen, and 1 percent other gases.

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2
Q

Which is the best description of atmospheric pressure and its cause?

  • The combined weight of all the atmospheric gases which is caused by thermal and solar radiation.
  • The combined weight of all the atmospheric gases which is caused by gravity pulling the gas molecules earthward and thermal and solar radiation expanding the gases outward toward space.
  • The weight of gas around the Earth which is caused by thermal and solar radiation.
A

The combined weight of all the atmospheric gases which is caused by gravity pulling the gas molecules earthward and thermal and solar radiation expanding the gases outward toward space.

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3
Q

What are the common units used to measure atmospheric pressure?

A

Inches of mercury (inHg), Millimeters of mercury (mmHg), Pounds per square inch (psi)

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4
Q

Which represents the notation for the partial pressure of gases?

  • PPO2 partial pressure of oxygen, PPCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PPN2 partial pressure of nitrogen.
  • PO2 partial pressure of oxygen, PCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PN2 partial pressure of nitrogen.
  • psi O2 partial pressure of oxygen, psi CO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, psi N2 partial pressure of nitrogen.
A

PO2 partial pressure of oxygen, PCO2 partial pressure of carbon dioxide, PN2 partial pressure of nitrogen.

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5
Q

True or False

PO2 increases and the percentage of oxygen decreases as the altitude increases.

A

False

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6
Q

What is the temperature lapse rate up to approximately 35,000 feet?

A

About 2 °C per 1,000 feet

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7
Q

The human body is adapted to which physiological division of the atmosphere?

A

Physiological zone

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8
Q

What law explains this?

Explains why a balloon expands as it ascends and why a volume of air expands when trapped in a body cavity when the pressure is reduced around it.

A

Boyle’s Law

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9
Q

What law explains this?

Explains why the temperature increases in a cylinder that is being pressurized.

A

Ideal Gas Law

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10
Q

What law explains this?

Explains how oxygen moves out of the lungs into the bloodstream.

A

Law of Gaseous Diffusion

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11
Q

What law explains this?

Explains why a soda pop bubbles after it is opened.

A

Henry’s Law

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12
Q

What law explains this?

Explains how exposure to a high altitude can reduce the available oxygen

A

Dalton’s Law
(Partial Pressure)

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13
Q

What is the definition of human factors?

A

Human Factors is concerned to optimize the relationship between people and their activities, by the systematic application of human sciences, integrated within the framework of systems engineering.

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14
Q

Define the SHEL Model

What does each letter stand for?

A

S - Software
H - Hardware
E - Environment
L - Liveware

Software is rules, regulations, and policies.

Software is rules, regulations, and policies. Hardware is equipment, material, and physical assets. Environment is where cockpit and flightdeck. Liveware is human performance.

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15
Q

What is the percentage of oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide plus other trace gases in the atmosphere?

A

Nitrogen - 71%
Oxygen - 21%
Carbon Dioxide - 1%

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16
Q

True or False?

Does the composition of the atmosphere remain constant as altitude increases?

A

True

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17
Q

What is the difference between the suffix sphere and pause?

A

Sphere - the layer
Pause - the boundary between the next layer

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18
Q

How high does the Troposphere go?

A

0 to 30,000 or 60,000 feet

30,000 over North/South Pole
60,000 over equator

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19
Q

How high does the Stratosphere go?

A

30,000 to 30 Miles

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20
Q

How high does the Mesophere go?

A

30 Miles to 55 Miles

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21
Q

How high does the Thermosphere (Ionosphere) go?

A

55 Miles to 435 Miles

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22
Q

How high does the Exosphere go?

A

435 Miles to 1200 Miles

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23
Q

What atmospheric layer contains most of the ozone?

A

Thermosphere (Ionosphere)

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24
Q

True or False?

Pressure cannot be measured at any atltitude

A

False

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25
Q

What does mmHg stand for?

A

Millimeters of Mercury

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26
Q

What does inHg stand for?

A

Inches of Mercury

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27
Q

True or False

Pressure can be measure in pounds per square inch

A

True

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28
Q

What is atmospheric pressure at sea level?

A

15 ˚C
760 mmHg
29.92 inMg

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29
Q

Where does the greatest pressure change occur at lower atmospheric levels?

A

0 to 18,000 feet MSL

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30
Q

Define standard lapse rate

A

Temp decreases 2 ˚C per 1,000 feet

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31
Q

What how far does the standard lapse rate go?

A

0 to 35,000 feet

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32
Q

How high up does the physiological zone extend?

A

0 to 10,000 feet

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33
Q

At what altitude must you use supplemental oxygen?

A

Above 10,000 feet

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34
Q

What altitude is the Physiological Deficient Zone?

A

10,000 to 50,000 feet

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35
Q

The purpose of respiration is to get blank into the body and remove excess blank.

A

Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide

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36
Q

What is the normal breathing rate of an average adult?

A

12 – 16 breaths per minute

37
Q

What is/are the site(s) of gas exchange in the lung between the atmosphere and the blood?

A

Alveoli

38
Q

What is the most important factor in the control of ventilation under normal conditions?

A

PCO2
(Partial Carbon Dioxide)

39
Q

What is the main function of red blood cells?

A

Carry oxygen

40
Q

What are the phases of respiration?

If you were an oxygen molecule what would your life cycle be?

A
  1. Ventilation
  2. Diffusion
  3. Transportation
  4. Diffusion
  5. Utilization
41
Q

Define inspiration within the act of respiration

A

Contraction of the diaphragm.

Downward movement
(Inhale)

42
Q

What is the function of circulation?

A

To transport/distribute nutrients and oxygen to tissue, remove waste, and help regulate body temperature

43
Q

What makes up the system of circulation?

A

Heart - Pump
Arteries & Veins - distributing/collecting tubes
Capillaries - allow rapid exchange of oxygen between tissue and vascular channels

44
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

Lack of oxygen in the blood causing impairment of function

45
Q

What can of hypoxia can occur as altitude is increased?

A

Hypoxic Hypoxia

46
Q

What kind of hypoxia can occur as G’s are loaded?

A

Stagnant Hypoxia

47
Q

What kind of hypoxia can occur when toxic gases cause the blood to carry less oxygen?

A

Hypemic Hypoxia

48
Q

What kind of hypoxia occurs when toxic gases cause the tissues to take up less oxygen?

A

Histotoxic Hypoxia

49
Q

During ascent (as ambient pressure decreases), gases trapped within body cavities will BLANK.

AP103

A

Expand

50
Q

The four areas of the body influenced by the mechanical effects of trapped gases are:

AP103

A
  1. Ears
  2. Sinuses
  3. GI Tract
  4. Teeth
51
Q

What is the best method of preventing problems with the ears and sinuses in-flight?
a. Breathe 100 percent oxygen under positive pressure.
b. Do not fly with a cold.
c. Perform the Valsalva maneuver frequently on descent.

AP103

A

Do not fly with a cold

52
Q

What are symptoms of decompression sickness associated with the bends?

AP103

A
  • Deep, dull boring pain in a joint
  • Pain may involve the muscles
  • Usually occurs in shoulders, knees, elbows, and ankles
53
Q

What are symptoms of decompression sickness associated with the chokes?

AP103

A
  • Deep, sharp pain centrally located under the sternum
  • Difficulty with inspiration
54
Q

What are symptoms of decompression sickness associated with skin manifestations?

AP103

A
  • Mottled and diffuse rash
  • Itching sensation
55
Q

What are symptoms of decompression sickness associated with the central nervous system (neurological manifestations)?

AP103

A
  • Visual disturbance
  • Partial paralysis, loss of speech or hearing
  • Severe, persistent headache
  • Vertigo, loss of orientation
  • Tingling of one arm, leg, or side of the body
56
Q

DCS is caused by BLANK coming out of solution in the tissues and blood.

AP103

A

Nitrogen

57
Q

List, in order, the corrective actions for any suspected or observed DCS.
a. ??? oxygen.
b. ??? the affected area.
c. ??? as soon as practical.
d. Obtain ??? (flight surgeon).
e. ??? therapy (if required).

AP103

A

a. 100% or Maximum
b. Immobilize
c. Land
d. medical assistance
e. hyperbaric

58
Q

Adequate protection against DCS can be established by ??? and or ???

AP103

A

Cabin pressure
denitrogenation

59
Q

The USAF forbids flight within ??? hours of a compressed air exposure for all normal flying operations.

AP103

A

24

60
Q

??? is a state of oxygen deficiency in the blood, cells or tissues sufficient to cause an impairment of function.

AP103

A

Hypoxia

61
Q

??? ??? is usually caused by exposure to low barometric pressure.

Two words

AP103

A

Hypoxic Hypoxia

62
Q

Which hypoxia is caused by loss of cabin pressure, oxygen equipment malfunctions, and improper use of oxygen equipment?

AP103

A

Hypoxic Hypoxia

63
Q

Which hypoxia is caused by cold temperatures, shock, hyperventilation, and “G” forces?

AP103

A

Stagnant Hypoxia

64
Q

Which hypoxia is caused by drugs, carbon monoxide, and blood donation?

AP103

A

Hypemic Hypoxia

65
Q

Which hypoxia is caused by alcohol and cyanide?

AP103

A

Histotoxic Hypoxic

66
Q

The most dangerous characteristic of hypoxia is its ??? ???.

AP103

A

insidious onset

subtle

67
Q

Which signs/symptoms are normally associated with hypoxia?

  1. Bluing (cyanosis)
  2. Impaired vision
  3. Muscle ache
  4. Hot or cold flashes
  5. Dizziness
  6. Light headedness
  7. Loss of muscle coordination
  8. Apprehension
  9. Feeling of well being
  10. Pain on inhalation
  11. Tingling
  12. Impaired judgment/confusion

AP103

A

All but 3 and 10

68
Q

True or False?

The time of onset of hypoxia and the severity of symptoms are identical with all crewmembers from one day to the next.

AP103

A

False

69
Q

What is it called when after receiving 100% oxygen, symptoms seem to get worse?

AP103

A

Oxygen Paradox

70
Q

??? is the period of time from the interruption of the oxygen supply or exposure to an oxygen poor environment, to the time when useful function is lost.

AP103

A

Time of usefull consciousness

71
Q

Which of the following factors decrease TUC? (Select all that apply)

  • Increased physical activity
  • Stress
  • Sufficient oxygen supplies
  • Hypoxia (histotoxic, hypemic, stagnant)
  • Rapid decompression
  • Anxiety
  • Increased altitude

Time of usefull consciousness

AP103

A
  • Increased Physical Activity
  • Stress
  • Hypoxia
  • Rapid Decompression
  • Anxiety
  • Increased Altitude

All but sufficient oxygen supplies

72
Q

A ??? can reduce your TUC by as much as ??? percent.

AP103

A

Rapid decompression
50%

73
Q

Hyperventilation is a condition in which the ??? and or ??? of breathing is abnormally increased.

AP103

A

Rate
Depth

74
Q

Hypocapnia causes an excessive loss of __________ from the lungs and blood.

AP103

A

Carbon Dioxide

75
Q

List five signs and five symptoms of hypocapnia.

AP103

A

Signs: muscle tightness/spasms, increased rate/depth of breathing, paleness, cold, clammy skin, unconsciousness

Symptoms: dizziness, faintness, slight nausea, numbness, tingling, coolness, muscle tremors

76
Q

True or False?

The most frequent cause of hypocapnia in flying training is stress.

AP103

A

True

77
Q

Complete the crewmember’s EP for the treatment of hypocapnia or hypoxia.

a. ________oxygen under ____
b. Connections —
c. Breathe at a ____ and depth slightly less than normal until symptoms _____.
d. Descend below ____ feet MSL and land as soon as ____.

AP103

A

a. Maximum; pressure
b. Check security
c. rate; disappear
d. 10,000; practical

78
Q

What is the difference between signs and symptoms?

AP103

A

Signs: Something you can see in somebody else
Symptoms: Something only you can feel

79
Q

The primary purpose for aircraft pressurization is to:

  1. reduce/prevent and control trapped gas expansion.
  2. eliminate pressure breathing and 100 percent oxygen.
  3. reduce/prevent decompression sickness and hypoxia.

AP104

A

reduce/prevent decompression sickness and hypoxia.

80
Q

List additional advantages of aircraft pressurization.

AP104

A

Reduced need for supplemental oxygen, Reduced expansion of G.I. gas, Control temperature and humidity, Move without encumbrance of oxygen equipment, Minimize fatigue, Protect ears/sinuses from rapid pressure change

81
Q

The primary, and most critical, disadvantage of aircraft pressurization is the potential for a __________.

AP104

A

Decompression

82
Q

What are physical indications of rapid decompression?

AP104

A

Explosive noise, windblast/flying debris, fogging, temperature drop, pressure drop

83
Q

What are factors affecting decompressions?

AP104

A

Speed, initial difference, and pressure ratio

84
Q

What are the types of decompression? Explain

AP104

A

Explosive: quickest, occurring in less than half a second. Has potential to damage the lungs.

Rapid: 0.5 to 15 secs and easily recognized. Time of useful consciousness is reduced after rapid decompression.

Slow: potentially the most dangerous because may be unnoticed. Requires descent to or below 10,000 feet.

85
Q

What kind of pressurization system does the T-6 have?

AP104

A

Isobaric-Differential System

86
Q

At what altitudes is the T-6 cabin unpressurized?

AP104

A

0 to 8,000 feet

87
Q

At what altitudes is the T-6 cabin pressure held constant? And what altitude is it held constant at?

AP104

A

18,069 and above
Cabin pressure held at 16,600

88
Q
A

UPT (3 decks)

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