Aerosols

Question 1

Basic principles of aerosols

Answer 1

pressurized dosage forms that emit fine dispersions of solid material and liquid droplets in a gaseous medium

Question 2

Advantages of Pulmonary drug delivery

Answer 2

-smaller doses
-faster onset of action
- direct delivery
-can treat both pulmonary and systemic diseases
-lower side effect profile

Question 3

disadvantages of pulmonary drug delivery

Answer 3

-only a small fraction dose is deposited in the lungs
-proper delivery depends on the techniques
-patient education required
-particle size control is required

Question 4

what are the two zones of the lungs?

Answer 4

conducting:
respiratory:

Question 5

how does particle size affect pulmonary drug delivery?

Answer 5

the size determines where it will “settle” and not be cleared by natural clearing methods so it can do what it’s supposed to do
-upper respiratory: 5-30 um
middle respiratory: 1-30um
lower respiratory: <1 um

Question 6

what kind of particles must the aerosol “meds” be?

Answer 6

aerosol must be non-hygroscopic

hygroscopic particles draws in moisture. May become compacted and have bad flowability

Question 7

what is inertion impaction?

Answer 7

the ability for the meds to be at the right speed and size to not get caught in the “nooks and crannies” or the lungs

Question 8

what are aerosol systems?

Answer 8

two-phase
three-phase
foams
MDIs

Question 9

Two-phase

Answer 9

Solution or suspension of active ingredient in a liquid propellant OR a mixture of liquid propellant and solvent. As the drug leaves the orifice, rapid expansion of propellant, and produces a fine spray. Simplest form
surface sprays, space sprays in addition to MDIs

Question 10

What size particles are preferred when treating asthma?

Answer 10

Needs to be smaller particles in order to get to the Beta2 receptors which are more peripheral

Question 11

How are aerosol systems “made”

Answer 11

pressure of aerosol is vital for its performance
blends of said propellant are used to achieve the desired vapor pressure
Propellant is important bc in addition to the particles, pt is also in having the propellant alongside with it so must not be irritating

Question 12

What are three-phase systems generally used for?

Answer 12

water-based aerosols

Question 13

Three-phase system

Answer 13

foam aerosol
not intended for oral use

Question 14

compressed gas systems

Answer 14

environment friendly
mainstream application
propellant not as high

Question 15

Requirements for Propellant

Answer 15

vapor pressure 15-10 psig at 70 degree F
low toxicity
chemically inert
nonflammable/nonexpensive
free from odor and color
good solvent powder
FINISH

Question 16

Kinds of Propellants

Answer 16

fluorocarbons
hydrocarbons
compressed gases

Question 17

Why are aerosol containers made out of aluminum rather then tin-plated steel or other metals?

Answer 17

if molded, will have sharp edges and will leak. aluminum, plain or coated is used bc it can be molded with smother “edges” to keep the med inside

Question 18

Can stainless steel be used for aerosol container?

Answer 18

yes, but more expensive

Question 19

Why is MDI more popular?

Answer 19

used longer

Question 20

MDI?

Answer 20

metered-dose inhaler

Question 21

MDI

Answer 21

-displays the number of doses left in the container as the patient uses it
-dual valve mechanism controls delivery
-expansion chamber helps with easier administration for patient (tighter seal-get more meds in) and slows down the particles

Question 22

pt counseling

Answer 22

-hold upside down mdi–shake
dpi-horizontal -don’t shake
*proper holding technique
*shake or not device
*hold breath as long as possible then remove inhaler from mouth and exhale slowly
*recommend extension device if patient unable to use MDI
*instruct how to determine remaining doses

Question 23

DPI?

Answer 23

dry powder inhaler

Question 24

DPI

Answer 24

-needs to be shaken before each use to make sure each inhalation has uniformity
-more environmentally friendly
-twist, hear click, and inhale
-mixed with inner carrier molecules like lactose so will leave particle in mouth–recommended rinsing mouth after each use

Question 25

why rinse mouth after using DPI?

Answer 25

steroids should not be left in the mouth–immunosuppressant

Question 26

cold fill process

Answer 26

Cool down propellant to liquid form but can also bring in environmental water

Question 27

Preferred aerosol packaging:

Answer 27

Pressure fill process

Question 28

Why pressure fill process preferred

Answer 28

Prevents water contamination
Avoids propellant loss

Question 29

Quality control tests of aerosols

Answer 29

-content
-flame extension test
-vapor pressure
-leak test
-spray pattern

Question 30

Packaging, Labeling, and Storage

Answer 30

-package is part of the manufacturing process
-protective cap or cover to prevent accidental use
-storage in reasonable temperature
protect from excess heat and flame
dispose of preoperly

Question 31

Kinds of topical aerosols

Answer 31

anti-infective agents
anti-inflammatory agents
anesthetic agents