Aeromicrobiology - Chapter 5 Flashcards

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1
Q

For you to decide, do we need to be concerned about aeromicrobiology?

A

yes, but be mindful to what pathogen are present and if they are level 2 or level 3

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2
Q

Be able to describe the launching, transport, and deposition of the aeromicrobiological pathway

A
  • size matter, smaller allows for longer suspension in air and for further travel in air way
  • Launching: direct (sneeze) vs. indirect (breeze, dust)
  • Trasnprt : instantaneous vs. survival
  • distance vs. survival
  • deposition : gravity and weather
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3
Q

Explain why there are typical distances that microbes travel, how these are measured, and examples of exceptions to these

A
  • size :smaller will go further , can spend more time in air
  • based on particle size
  • 16S rRNA ID species
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4
Q

List factors that impact microbial survival in bioaerosols

A
  • temp
  • light
  • moisture
  • particle size
  • spore formation or not
  • nutrients presense
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5
Q

Explain how bioaerosols can be controlled (or can they)?

A
  • filtered out of air

- UV light exposure

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6
Q

Be able to discuss and give examples of microorganisms of concern in disease, biological warfare, closed environments, and extraterrestrial environments that may be spread through aerosols

A
  • if microorganism are level 3 or even level 2 we have to worry about exposure
  • Pulmonary Tuberculois (Mycobacterium tuberculosis) or Pulmonary anthrax (Bacillus anthracis)
  • Aspergillosis (Aspergillus fumigatus)
  • Influenza (Influenza virus) or Chicken pox (Herpesvirus)
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7
Q

Describe the biosafety levels used in research and medicine

A
  • level 2: ingested/ looking to diminish exposure to external env.
  • level 3 : inhaled / must be air tight, enter via differentiated air pressure system
  • route of infection is key *
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8
Q

what do you think is the largest source of microbes in the air?

A

it depends on your location and what is in your area.

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9
Q

What are some examples of mesocale and macroscale transport

A
  • aphthovirus: can persist in damp soil for over a month ( cold temps help)
  • -> hoof and mouth diseases (mesoscale)
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10
Q

Downward molecular diffusion

A

Natural air currents and eddies enhance the downward movement of particles and increase the rate of deposition

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11
Q

surface impaction

A

Airborne particles can collide with numerous objects including other small particles, trees, buildings, etc. After a collision, the particle can stick or bounce off.

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12
Q

What does microbial survival in aerosols depend on ?

A
  1. Type of microorganism (spore forming bac, molds, fungi)
  2. relative humidity
  3. temperature
  4. radiation (UV light)
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13
Q

Enveloped nuclear capsid

A

when virus uses part of host cells membrane when they lyse

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14
Q

why is the airborn route of infection such a concern ?

A

difficult to control spread(wind)

- must use fungicide for Wheat rust

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15
Q

What my affect the ability of an airborne microbial infection to occur?

A

the size, humidity, radiation and the organism

-presence of factors like prevailing winds

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16
Q

Discuss LPS

A
  • lipopolysasscharide is an endotoxin released from Gram + bac
  • 10ng can cause toxic effect
  • can come from variety of industrial (Sewage treatment plants) and natural sources (haystacks)
17
Q

Coccidioides immitis

A
  • C.immitis = valley fever, level 3 pathogen
  • 30-40% of poeple have antibodies
  • 60% have been infected in the US
  • Infectious but not contagious ( dead end host)
  • treat with amphotericin B
18
Q

Intramural microbiology

A
  • limmited circulation of external air
  • much less UV exposure
  • relative humidity supportive of growth
  • temperature supportive of growth
    ie. . office buidlings, hispitals, labs, spacecrafts
19
Q

Tuberculosis info

A
  • tb, one third of the population is infected.
  • In 1999 TB caused 8,000 deaths/day

-7- 8 million people become infected with TB/year

-TB accounts for more than 1/4 of all preventable adult deaths in the developing world.
Someone is newly infected with TB every second !

  • TB is the leading killer of women in low income countries (1/3 leading cause of death in women worldwide) (TB in women)
  • TB is the leading cause of death among HIV-positive individuals
  • TB evolves along with humans
  • TB is on the decline (WHO report 2011) (8.7 million new cases compared to 8.8 million new cases in 2010)