Aeromed & Aerodynamics Flashcards by Christian Vonsild

Self-imposed stressors

DEATH:
Drugs
Exhaustion 
Alcohol
Tobacco
Hypoglicemia (diet)

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4 types of Hypoxia

Hypoxic
Hypemic
Stagnant
Histotoxic

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Define Hypoxic hypoxia

Insufficient pressure of O2 in the air; e.g. flying at altitude

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Four stages of hypoxia

Indifferent
Compensatory
Disturbance
Critical

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Define Histotoxic hypoxia

Interference with the use of O2 by the body tissues; e.g. cyanide poisoning

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Define Hypemic hypoxia

Reduction in O2 carrying capability of red blood cells; e.g. carbon monoxide

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Define Stagnant hypoxia

Reduction in blood flow; e.g. positive G maneuvers

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Treatment for Spatial disorientation

Develop and maintain cross-check
Delay intuitive reactions
Refer to instruments
Transfer controls

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Somatogravic illusions

The leans
Graveyard spin
Coriolis

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Most deadly and most unrecoverable Somatogravic illusion

Coriolis illusion

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Measures to prevent SD include:

Never fly without visual reference points
Maintain SA
Never try to fly both IFR and VRF at the same time
Avoid self-imposed stressors (DEATH)
Trust your instruments
Cockpit management
Education/training
Instrument proficency
Aircraft design

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Define Spatial disorientation

The inability to determine ones position, attitude and motion relative to the earth or significant objects.

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The 3 types of Spatial disorientation

Type 1. - Unrecognized
Type 2. - Recognized
Type 3. - Incapacitating

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Most dangerous type of SD

Type 1. - unrecognized

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Which of the 5 senses is the most important to maintain equilibrium and orientation?

Vision

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Semicircular canals sense changes in _______ acceleration and react to any changes in ______, ________ and ______ attitude

Angular
Yaw
Roll
Pitch

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A smoker at sea level is actually at altitude:

5000 ft.

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At 18.000 ft., the usefull time of consciousness is:

20-30 mins

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Define Fatigue

The state of feeling tired, weary, or sleepy that results from periods of anxiety, exposure, to harsh environment, or loss of sleep.

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The 3 types of fatigue

Acute
Chronic
Burnout

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Describe chronic fatigue

Being mantally and physically tiered over a long period of time.

The 3 characteristics associated with chronic fatigue

Depressed mood
Irritability
poor judgement

The only significant effect of hypxia in the indifferent stage is ______ and_______ and it occurs at what altitude?

Acuity
Color perception
SL-10.000 ft.

Which type of hypoxia does smoking cause?

Hypoxic hypoxia

Prevention methods for hypoxic hypoxia

1. Limit time at altitude 2. Pressurzed cabin 3. minimize self-imposed stressors 4. 100% O2

Define hypoxia

State of oxygen deficiency in the blood cells and tissues sufficient to cause impairment of function.

Define tranlating tendency

The tendency of a single rotor helicopter with a counterclockwise rotating rotor system to drift laterally to the right while at a hover

What causes Translating tendency

Thrust produced by the tail rotor to compensate for main rotor torque.

Translating tendency compensation

1. Rigging of the flight control system 2. Tilting of the mast 3. Stabilization augmentation systems 4. Left cyclic input by the pilot

Define Dissymmetry of lift

Unequal lift between advancing and retreating halves of the rotor disk caused by the different wind flow velocity across each half

Relative wind velocity of advancing blade is blade speed ____ airspeed

Plus

Relative wind velocity of retreating blade is blade speed ____ airspeed

Minus

Main rotor method to overcome dissymmetry of lift

Flapping

When blade flapping has compensated for dissymmetry of lift, the rotor disk is tilted to the rear is called?

Blowback

What can the pilot do to compensate for dissymmetry of lift?

Cyclic feathering

Effective tranlational lift (ETL) definition

The Rotor dick outruns the recirculation of old vortices and begins to work in relatively undisturbed air

Airspeed for ETL

16-24 kts

ETL causes relative wind to become more horizontal, resulting in:

1. More vertical lift component 2. Less induced drag 3. Increased angle of attack

Define Settling with power

A condition of powered flight in which the helicopter settles in it's own downwash

What conditions must exist simultaneously for sttling with power to occur

1. Vertical or near vertical descent rate of at least 300 ft/min depenting upon: - Gross weight - Rotor RPM - Density altitude 2. 20% - 100% of available engine power with insufficient power remaining to arrest the descent 3. Sow forward airspeed, less than ETL

Settling with power recovery

Increase airspeed with forward cyclic | Reduce collective pitch as altitude permits

Define Dynamic rollover

A helicopters susceptibility to a lateral rolling tendency

Dynamic rollover conditions

Pivot point Rolling motion Exceed critical angle

Physical factors for dynamic rollover

- Main rotor thrust - CG - Tail rotor thrust - Crosswind component - Ground surface - Sloped landing area - Low fuel condition

Human factors

- Inattention - Inexperience - Inappropriate control input - Failure to take timely corrective action - Loss of visual reference

Recovery of dynamic rollover

A smooth moderate collective reduction

Primary factor for retreating blade stall

Excessive airspeed

Contributing factors for retreating blade stall

1. High gross weight 2. High DA 3. High "G" maneuvers 4. Low rotor RPM 5. Turbulence

Symptoms of retreating blade stall

1. Abnormal vibrations 2. Pitch-up of nose 3. Tendency to roll toward the stalled (left) side 4. Loss of control (if corrective action is not applied)

Corrective actions for retreating blade stall

1. Reduce collective pitch 2. Regain aircraft control 3. Reduce airspeed 4. Increase rotor RPM to normal operating range 5. Minimize maneuvering 6. Descent to a lower altitude.

Explain why hovering OGE requires more power than hovering IGE

Induced flow velocity is increased, causing a decrease in AOA. A higher blade pitch angle is required to maintain the same AOA as in IGE hover. The increased pitch angle also creates more drag. More power to hover OGE than IGE is required by this increased pitch angle and drag