Aerodynamics Flashcards
Which V-speed represents maneuvering speed?
VA
VNO is defined as the
Maximum structural cruising speed.
(Refer to Figure 72.) The horizontal dashed line from point C to point E represents the
Positive limit load factor.
An airplane said to be inherently stable will
Require less effort to control.
Which V-speed represents maximum flap extended speed?
VFE
Which V-speed represents maximum landing gear extended speed?
VLE
(Refer to Figure 1.) The acute angle A is the angle of
attack.
The speed at which a single flight control can be moved, one time, to its full deflection without risk of damage to the aircraft is
Maneuvering speed.
Which V-speed represents best-angle-of-climb speed?
VX
(Refer to Figure 2.) If an airplane weighs 3,300 pounds, what approximate weight would the airplane structure be required to support during a 30° banked turn while maintaining altitude?
3,960 pounds.
(Refer to Figure 4.) What is the maximum structural cruising speed?
165 KTS.
Upon encountering severe turbulence, which flight condition should the pilot attempt to maintain?
Level flight attitude.
What is the relationship of lift, drag, thrust, and weight when the airplane is in straight-and-level flight?
Lift equals weight and thrust equals drag.
The four forces acting on an airplane in flight are
Lift, weight, thrust, and drag.
As altitude increases, the indicated airspeed at which a given airplane stalls in a particular configuration will
Remain the same regardless of altitude.
What does the red line on an airspeed indicator represent?
Never-exceed speed.
Loading an airplane to the most aft CG will cause the airplane to be
Less stable at all speeds.
(Refer to Figure 72.) What does the vertical line connecting points E and F represent on the airspeed indicator?
The red line.
The angle of attack at which an airplane wing stalls will
Remain the same regardless of gross weight.
(Refer to Figure 4.) Which marking identifies the never-exceed speed?
The red radial line.
When does P-factor cause the airplane to yaw to the left?
When at high angles of attack.
What is an important airspeed limitation that is not color coded on airspeed indicators?
Maneuvering speed.
The amount of excess load that can be imposed on the wing of an airplane depends upon the
Speed of the airplane.
(Refer to Figure 72.) The positive limit load factor is represented by the
Horizontal dashed line from C to point E.
What determines the longitudinal stability of an airplane?
The location of the CG with respect to the center of lift.
The left turning tendency of an airplane caused by P-factor is the result of the
Propeller blade descending on the right producing more thrust than the ascending blade on the left.
What causes an airplane (except a T-tail) to pitch nosedown when power is reduced and controls are not adjusted?
The downwash on the elevators from the propeller slipstream is reduced and elevator effectiveness is reduced.
How will frost on the wings of an airplane affect takeoff performance?
Frost will disrupt the smooth flow of air over the wing, adversely affecting its lifting capability.
(Refer to Figure 4.) What is the full flap operating range for airplane?
55 to 100 KTS.
VSO is defined as the
Stalling speed or minimum steady flight speed in the landing configuration.
When landing behind a large aircraft, which procedure should be followed for vortex avoidance?
Stay above its final approach flightpath all the way to touchdown.
What must a pilot be aware of as a result of ground effect?
Induced drag decreases; therefore, any excess speed at the point of flare may cause considerable floating.
(Refer to Figure 2.) If an airplane weighs 4,500 pounds, what approximate weight would the airplane structure be required to support during a 45° banked turn while maintaining altitude?
6,300 pounds.
During an approach to a stall, an increased load factor will cause the airplane to
Stall at a higher airspeed.
How does the wake turbulence vortex circulate around each wingtip?
Outward, upward, and around each tip.
(Refer to Figure 4.) Which color identifies the power-off stalling speed with wing flaps and landing gear in the landing configuration?
Lower limit of the white arc.
Which would provide the greatest gain in altitude in the shortest distance during climb after takeoff?
VX
Wingtip vortices created by large aircraft tend to
Sink below the aircraft generating turbulence.
Why is frost considered hazardous to flight?
Frost spoils the smooth flow of air over the wings, thereby decreasing lifting capability.
The term “angle of attack” is defined as the angle between the
Chord line of the wing and the relative wind.
Ground effect is most likely to result in which problem?
Becoming airborne before reaching recommended takeoff speed.
What is the angle of bank after which the load factor notably increases?
45
The angle between the chord line of an airfoil and the relative wind is known as the angle of
attack
(Refer to Figure 2.) If an airplane weighs 2,300 pounds, what approximate weight would the airplane structure be required to support during a 60° banked turn while maintaining altitude?
4,600 pounds.
(Refer to Figure 4.) The maximum speed at which the airplane can be operated in smooth air is
208 KTS.
(Refer to Figure 4.) What is the maximum flaps-extended speed?
100 KTS.
What is the definition of load factor?
Additional weight carried by the wings divided by the weight of the aircraft.
An airplane has been loaded in such a manner that the CG is located aft of the aft CG limit. One undesirable flight characteristic a pilot might experience with this airplane would be
Difficulty in recovering from a stalled condition.
(Refer to Figure 4.) Which color identifies the normal flap operating range?
The white arc.
In what flight condition must an aircraft be placed in order to spin?
stalled
When taking off or landing at an airport where heavy aircraft are operating, one should be particularly alert to the hazards of wingtip vortices because this turbulence tend to
Sink into the flightpath of aircraft operating below the aircraft generating the turbulence.
Which basic flight maneuver increases the load factor on an airplane as compared to straight-and-level flight?
Turns
The condition that requires maximum caution when avoiding wake turbulence on landing is a
Light, quartering tailwind.
(Refer to Figure 4.) What is the caution range of the airplane?
165 to 208 KTS.
What is ground effect?
The result of the interference of the surface of the Earth with the airflow patterns about an airplane.
When landing behind a large aircraft, the pilot should avoid wake turbulence by staying
Above the large aircraft’s final approach path and landing beyond the large aircraft’s touchdown point.
What is one purpose of wing flaps?
To enable the pilot to make steeper approaches to a landing without increasing the airspeed.
(Refer to Figure 4.) Which color identifies the power-off stalling speed on a specified configuration?
Lower limit of the green arc.
How does frost affect the lifting surfaces of an airplane on takeoff?
Frost may prevent the airplane from becoming airborne at normal takeoff speed.
During a spin to the left, which wing(s) is/are stalled?
Both wings are stalled.
What is the purpose of the rudder on an airplane?
To control yaw.
What force makes an airplane turn?
The horizontal component lift.
What are the four forces that act on an airplane in equilibrium?
During unaccelerated flight.
When departing behind a heavy aircraft, the pilot should avoid wake turbulence by maneuvering the aircraft
Above and upwind from the heavy aircraft.
The angle of attack for a propeller is defined as
Which statement relates to Bernoulli’s principle?
Air traveling faster over the curved upper surface of an airfoil causes lower pressure on the top surface.
The greatest vortex strength occurs when the generating aircraft is
Heavy, clean, and slow.
One of the main functions of flaps during approach and landing is to
Increase the angle of descent without increasing the airspeed.
Wingtip vortices are created only when an aircraft is
Developing lift.
Changes in the center of pressure of a wing affect the aircraft’s
Aerodynamic balance and controllability.
Floating caused by the phenomenon of ground effect will be most realized during an approach to land when at
Less than the length of the wingspan above the surface.
After takeoff, which airspeed would the pilot use to gain the most altitude in a given period of time?
VY
In what flight condition is torque effect the greatest in a single-engine airplane?
Low airspeed, high power, high angle of attack.
