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ZZZ AQA bio > aerobic respiration > Flashcards

aerobic respiration Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the four stages of respiration?

A
  • glycolysis
  • link reaction
  • krebs cycle
  • electron transport chain
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2
Q

where does glycolysis occur?

A

in cytoplasm

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3
Q

what is the aim of glycolysis?

A

to produce 2 pyruvates

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4
Q

what are 4 stages of glycolysis?

A

energy investment
cleavage
oxidation
energy generation

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5
Q

what happens in energy investment? how much ATP is used?

A

glucose is primed with energy by phosphorylation into glucose phosphate (1 ATP)

  • isomeration step: fructose phosphate - so further activation can occur
  • phosphorylation: fructose biphosphate (1ATP)
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6
Q

what happens during cleavage?

A

fructose biphosphate splits into two: triose phosphates

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7
Q

what happens in oxidation? how much ATP is formed?

A

each of the TP are oxidised by NAD which removes hydrogen from molecule which in turn it accepts to become reduced NAD (1 ATP formed per molecule) and becomes GP

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8
Q

what does GP stand for?

A

phosphoglycerate

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9
Q

what happens in energy generation ? how much ATP is formed?

A

each of GP converted into pyruvate which releases 1 ATP per pyruvatye

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10
Q

what is the overall products of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 ATP (4 is formed but 2 is used in first stage)
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11
Q

where does link reaction occur? and what condition is needed?

A

in matrix of mitochondria - presence of oxygen

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12
Q

what type of reaction is link reaction?

A

redox reaction - pyruvate oxidised/NAD is reduced

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13
Q

what is the aim of the link reaction?

A

to produce 2 acetyl coA

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14
Q

what happens in decarboxylation of the link reaction?

A

pyruvate decarboxylase removes carbon from each pyruvate to produce acetate and carbon combines with oxygen to form carbon dioxide which diffuses into blood and is carried to the lungs

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15
Q

what happens during oxidation in link reaction?

A

pyruvate is oxidised by NAD which becomes reduced per molecule so 2 NADh formed

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16
Q

what happens in final step of link reaction?

A

acetate combines with co enzyme A to form acetyl coA x 2

17
Q

what are the overall products of the link reaction?

A
  • 2 CO2
  • 2NADH
  • 2 Acetyl Co A
18
Q

where does the krebs cycle occur?

A

in matrix of mitochondria

19
Q

what is the aim of krebs cycle?

A
  • to regenerate oxaloacetate to prevent accumulation
  • to provide electrons for electron transfer chain
  • breakdown macromolecules into smaller ones
  • source of intermediate compounds to manufacture other important substances such as fatty acids, amino acids and chlorophyll
20
Q

what does acetyl coA combine with in first step?

A

oxaloacetate to produce citrate

21
Q

what term describes the removal of carbon?

A

decarboxylation

22
Q

what happens in decarboxylation in krebs cycle?

A
  • oxaloacetate converted to ketoglucaric acid releasing CO2 and reduces NAD
  • ketoglucaric acid converted to socrinic acid releasing CO2 and reduces NAD
23
Q

what happens in substrate level phosphorylation in krebs cycle?

A

4C intermediate changed into another 4C intermediate

  • socrinic acid - malic acid (ATP)
  • malic acid - oxaloacetic acid (FADH2)
24
Q

how is oxaloacetate reformed?

A

oxaloacetic acid is oxidised by NAD to form oxaloacetate for next cycle

25
Q

what is the overall products in krebs cycle in 1 cycle?

A

3 NADH
1 FADH
2 CO2
1 ATP

26
Q

how many times does krebs cycle occur?

A

twice - two molecules of acetyl coA

27
Q

what is the overall products in krebs cycle in 2 cycles?

A

6 NADH
2 FADH
4 CO2
2 ATP

28
Q

where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

in cristae of mitochondria

29
Q

what is the aim of electron transport chain?

A

ATP production

30
Q

explain process of electron transport chain

A
  • NADH + FADH donate electrons and hydrogens to complexes
  • electrons pass sequentially along complexes in a series of oxidation-reduction reactions
  • this builds up electrical potential energy so that H+ can be pumped into intermembranal space
  • the H+ gradient causes protons to flow through ATP synthase nack into matrix which spins rotor to produce ATP (chemiosmotic theory)
  • electrons combine with protons and oxygen to form water
31
Q

what is the role of oxygen in oxidative phosphorylation?

A

final electron acceptor

32
Q

How can lipids be used for respiration?

A
  • hydrolysed to fatty acids and glycerol - glycerol phosphorylated and converted to TP and joins glycolysis - fatty acids broken into 2C fragments then converted into Acetyl CoA to join Krebs cycle - hydrogen atoms from oxidation of lipids are used to produce ATP hence lipids release more energy than the same mass of carbs
33
Q

How are proteins used for respiration?

A

Hydrolysed to amino acids/ deamination and enter pathway at different points depending on number or carbon atoms

ZZZ AQA bio (2 decks)

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