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BACTE > AEROBIC GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI > Flashcards

AEROBIC GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI Flashcards

1
Q

Microscopic appearance of Bacillus

A

Large, boxcar-shaped, gram (+) rods with clear, unstained, central spore of “empty space”

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2
Q

Spore-forming, facultative anaerobic, motile, (+) Catalase and VP

A

Bacillus

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3
Q

Common isolates of Bacillus

A

B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. subtilis, B. thuringiensis. B. pumilus, and B. licheniformis

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4
Q

Clinically significant Bacillus

A

B. anthracis, B. cereus, B. thuringiensis, and B. mycoides

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5
Q

Common human pathogens of Bacilli

A

B. anthracis and B. cereus

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6
Q

The causative agent of anthrax

A

Bacillus anthracis

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7
Q

All bacillus are motile (peritrichous) except:

A

B. anthracis and B. mycoides

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8
Q

The most pathogenic species in Bacillus and not part of human microbiota

A

Bacillus anthrax

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9
Q

Appearance of B. anthracis if penicillin (10 U/mL) is added to the culture medium

A

String of pearl

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10
Q

Virulence factor of B. anthracis

A

D-glutamic capsule and protein exotoxins (edema factor, protective antigen, lethal factor)

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11
Q

Growth factor of B. anthracis

A

Thiamine

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12
Q

Microscopic appearance of B. anthracis

A

Bamboo fishing rod appearance with an unstained central spore

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13
Q

Appearance of colonies in BAP of B. anthracis

A

Medusa head appearance with swirling projections and non hemoltic

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14
Q

The appearance of B. anthracis if inoculating loop is used to pull up the colonies

A

Beaten egg white appearance

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15
Q

It is a disease that primarily affects animals, such as goats and sheep, by feeding one plants that are contaminated with the spores and not through animal-to-person transmission

A

Anthrax

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16
Q

Complication of anthrax

A

Meningitis

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17
Q

The most common type of anthrax and the least fatal

A

Cutaneous anthrax

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18
Q

A necrotic and painless central area that does produce pus and seen in cutaneous anthrax

A

Black eschar

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19
Q

Preferred sample for Cutaneous anthrax

A

Vesical fluid or swab specimen from the edge of the eschar

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20
Q

It is the most severe form of anthrax

A

Pulmonary anthrax

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21
Q

Other name for pulmonary anthrax

A

Woolsorter’s disease

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22
Q

Signs and symptoms of pulmonary anthrax

A

Mild fever, fatigue, malaise, and dyspnea

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23
Q

Preferred sample of pulmonary anthrax

A

Sputum

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24
Q

Spores are inoculated into a lesion on the intestinal mucosa following their ingestion

A

Gastrointestinal anthrax

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25
Q

Signs and symptoms of gastrointestinal anthrax

A

Abdominal pain, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea

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26
Q

Preferred sample for gastrointestinal anthrax

A

Stool

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27
Q

This type of anthrax has been identified among users of prohibited drugs

A

Injection anthrax

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28
Q

This type of anthrax is associated with severe soft tissue infection

A

Injection anthrax

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29
Q

Preferred sample of injection anthrax

A

Swab specimens from the affected areas and blood culture

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30
Q

Processing of samples for B. anthracis should only be done in biological safety cabinet with provisions for

A

Biological safety level 3

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31
Q

Specimen collection requirement for B. anthracis

A

collect 2 separate swabs, one each for the culture and molecular assay (PCR) and should be pre-moistened with sterile saline

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32
Q

For swab sample intended for both culture and RT-PCR, it should be transported at

A

2-8 degree Celsius while -70 degree Celsius is the best storage condition if the specimen will be for molecular assay only

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33
Q

It can provide rapid presumptive diagnosis for B. anthracis

A

Fluorescent microscopy

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34
Q

Gold standard for the laboratory diagnosis B. anthracis

A

cultivation/culturing

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35
Q

Spore stains for B. anthracis

A

Malachite green and McFadyean

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36
Q

Enrichment and selective technique for B. antracis

A

Application of heat or alcohol shock technique before plating

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37
Q

Capsule stain for B. anthracis

A

India ink

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38
Q

Recommended for identification of B. anthracis in fecal specimen

A

PEA

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39
Q

Used in isolating Bacillus from contaminated specimens

A

PEA and PLET

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40
Q

It is used to determine if the produce lecithinase, in which the medium will have an opaque zone

A

EYA

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41
Q

The appearance of B. anthracis in gelatin medium

A

Inverted pine tree

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42
Q

It serves as another point of confirmation for the presence of B. anthracis

A

Direct fluorescent antibody (DFA)

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43
Q

It detects thermostable anthrax antigens and rabbit antiserum to observe precipitin formation
(+) Formation of precipitin band after less than 15 minutes

A

Ascoli test (Precipitin test)

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44
Q

It is used for initial intravenous therapy until results for the AST are released

A

Ciproflaixn or doxycycline

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45
Q

This method has been very useful for the accurate differentiation of genus Bacillus from the emerging genera such as Geobacillus, Paenibacillus, and Brevibacillus

A

MALDI-TOF Spectrometry

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46
Q

It causes food poisoning due to ingestion of contaminated cooked rice dishes or other food products

A

Bacillus cereus (Fried rice bacilli)

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47
Q

It is the most commonly encountered bacillus spp. in opportunistic infections that causes eye and ear infection

A

Bacillus cereus

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48
Q

It has frosted glass appearance in BAP

A

B. cereus

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49
Q

Best specimen for isolation of B. cereus

A

Suspected contaminated food (>10^5 cells/gram)

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50
Q

It is associated with the ingestion of contaminated poultry, meat, and vegetables

A

Diarrheal type

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51
Q

Incubation period of Diarrheal type food poisoning of B. cereus

A

8 to 16 hours

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52
Q

Symptoms of Diarrheal type

A

Abdominal pain and watery diarrhea without fever

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53
Q

(+) Production of heat-labile enterotoxin

A

Diarrheal type

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54
Q

It is associated with the ingestion of improperly stored cooked/fried rice

A

Emetic type

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55
Q

Emetic type is caused by

A

B. cereus type 1

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56
Q

Incubation period of emetic type bacteria

A

1 to 6 hours

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57
Q

Symptoms of emetic type

A

Abdominal cramps, nausea, and profuse vomiting but no fever

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58
Q

(+) Production of heat stable enterotoxin

A

Emetic type

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59
Q

It is the most commonly encountered laboratory contaminant

A

Bacillus subtilis (Hay bacillus)

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60
Q

It is the source of bacitracin antibiotic

A

B. subtilis

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61
Q

It is used as a biological indicator in sterilization method

A

B. pumilus

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62
Q

BAP- Colonies are large and moist with a blister like appearance, and beta hemolysis

A

Bacillus pumilus

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63
Q

Majority of these species are found as indigenous microbiota on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and animals and found in fresh water, salt water, soil, and air

A

Corynebacterium

64
Q

Corynebacterium is closely related to

A

Mycobacterium and Nocardia

65
Q

The cell walls of Corynebacterium contain

A

Mesodiaminopimelic acid

66
Q

Corynebacterium are glucose and maltose fermenter except

A

C. urealyticum and C. psuedodiptheriticum

67
Q

Have a “club-shaped” appearance and palisade arrangement. Cells are highly pleomorphic, arranged in pairs, and create X, V,Y, and L formations that closely resembles Chinese letter

A

Corynebacterium

68
Q

non-sporeforming, facultative anaerobe, non encapsulated, non motile, highly pleomorphic, glucose and malatose fermenter
(+) catalase and oxidase

A

Corynebacterium

69
Q

This groupof corynebacterium are fastidious corynebacteria that require 48 hours of incubation before any growth can be observed. The addition of lipids in the culture medium enhances the bacterial growth

A

Lypophilic corynebacterium (C. jeikeium and C. urealyticum

70
Q

This group of corynebacterium exhibit fermentative or oxidative metabolism

A

Non-lipophilic corynebacteria (C. amycolatum, C. diptheriae, C. psuedotuberculosis, C. striatum, C. ulcerans, C. xerosi)

71
Q

It is also known as the diptheria bacillus or Kleb-Loffler bacillus

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

72
Q

Not part of the indigenous microbiota of the respiratory tract, and it only inhabits the human nasopharynx in a carrier state

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

73
Q

Preferred medium for Corynebacterium diptheriae

A

Enriched medium with serum, cystine, and potassium tellurite

74
Q

Best specimen for C. diptheriae

A

Nasopharyngeal and throat swab

75
Q

Biotype of C. diptheriae with small, shiny, and grayish black colonies; small zone of B-hemolysis

A

Intermedius

76
Q

Biotype of C. diptheriae with medium sized colonies, convrx, smooth with black pigmentation and “fried egg” appearance, B-hemolytic

A

Mitis

77
Q

Biotype of C. diptheriae with medium sized colonies, convex, smooth with black pigmentation and “fried egg” appearance, B-hemolytic

A

Mitis

78
Q

Biotype of C. diptheriae with medium sized colonies, grayish black in color, and opaque; small zone of B-hemolysis

A

Belfanti

79
Q

Biotype of C. diptheriae with large, flat, and glossy smooth grayish-black colonies with “daisy-head” appearance, non hemolytic

A

Gravis

80
Q

It is a heat-labile polypeptide produced by strains with lysogenic B-phage that carries TOX gene, and causes tissue necrosis and exudate formation

A

Diptheria toxin

81
Q

It is an acute, infectious disease that is characterized by the production of a systemic toic and false membrane lining (pseudomembranous formation) of the the throat that may eventually lead to respiratory obstruction

A

Respiratory diptheria

82
Q

Sign and symptoms of Respiratory diptheriae

A

Low-grade fever, thick mucopurulent nasal discharge, and cough

83
Q

It is characterized by slow, non-healing ulcers and membrane formation. The toxin is absorbed systematically but is less severe

A

Cutaneous or skin diptheria (Veldt sore or Borcoo rot)

84
Q

It is part of indigenous flora of the skin and nasopharynx, and isolated from various human biofluids that causes ear infection and bloodstream and prosthetic joint infections specially in immunocompromised patients

A

Corynebacterium amycolatum

85
Q

It is a skin microbiota that is found in inguinal, axillary, and rectal sites, an obligate aerobe and a multi-antibiotic resistant bacterium.

A

Corynebacterium jeikeium

86
Q

It is the common cause of diptheroid prosthetic valce endocarditis

A

Corynebacterium jeikeium

87
Q

It is an indigenous microbiota of the human nasopharynx that causes diptheria-like respiratory infection, UTI, and cutaneous wound infections in immunocompromised patients with AIDS

A

C. pseudodiptheriticum (Hoffman bacillus)

88
Q

It is an animal pathogen where humans can contract through direct exposure with infected animals. It produces a demonecrotic toxin that causes death of cells. Rare cause of granulomatous lymphadenitis

A

C. psuedotuberculosis

89
Q

It is acquired through the consumption of unpasteurized dairy products, associated with diptheria-like sore throat. It is also isolated from skin-ulcers and exudative pharyngitis

A

C. ulcerans

90
Q

Most frequently isolated and most clinically significant Corynebacteria

A

C. urealyticum

91
Q

The preferred medium for Corynebacteria and a modification of Tinsdale agar. It is both selective and differential medium
(+) Black or brown colonies surrounded by brown halo

A

C. diptheriae, C. ulcerans, and C. psuedotuberculosis

91
Q

The preferred medium for Corynebacteria and a modification of Tinsdale agar. It is both selective and differential medium
(+) Black or brown colonies surrounded by brown halo

A

C. diptheriae, C. ulcerans, and C. psuedotuberculosis

92
Q

Skin test for C. diptheria

A

Schick test

93
Q

Both a human and animal pathogen with tumbling motility and umbrella like/ inverted christmas tree in SIM media

A

L. monocytogenes

94
Q

It is a serious infection that affects neonates, pregnant women, and immunocompromised host acquired through ingestion of meat, chicken, dairy products and vegetables

A

Listeriosis

95
Q

A listeriosis that occurs during third trimester that leads to miscarriage or still birth (granulomatosis infantisepticum)

A

Maternal disease

96
Q

A Listeriosis that is associated with intrauterine infection due to aspiration of infected amniotic fluid. The infected infant appear healthy at birth, then meningitis develops at third week of life

A

Neonatal disease (Late-onset neonatal listeriosis)

97
Q

Enrichment technique for L. monocytogenes

A

Cold enrichment technique (4 C using broth, then incubated for weeks)

98
Q

L. monocytogenes is sensitive to antibiotics like

A

Aminoglycosides and penicillin

99
Q

It is the only catalase-negative, non-spore-forming, gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that produce hydrogen sulfide

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

100
Q

It has a pattern of pipe cleaner or a test tube brush at 22 degree C in gelatin stab culture

A

E. rhusiopathiae

101
Q

Best specimen for Erysipelothrix

A

Tissue biopsies or aspirates from skin lesions

102
Q

It is a microbiota of the skin and upper respiratory tract with pleomorphic rods, non-motile, non-spore forming, and catalase negative. They can cause soft tissue infection, pharyngitis, and endocarditis
(+) Lipase, Lecithinase, Reverse CAMP
(-) Catalase

A

Arcanobacterium

103
Q

Obligately aerobic, non-spore forming, Gram positive rods that are motile
(+) Catalase
(-) Gelatinase and oxidase

A

Kurthia

104
Q

It is a normal flora of oropharyngeal which can be isolated in saliva and dental plaque with “coccal to rod appearance”
(+) Bile esculin hydrolysis and nitrate reduction
(-) Urease

A

Rothia

105
Q

It is isolated from contaminated blood culture bottles and intensive care unit

A

Paenibacillus

106
Q

It is a partially acid-fast bacilli, obligate aerobic, and non-motile. Their cell wall contains peptidoglycan, meso-diaminopimelic acid (DAP), and the sugars, arabinose and galactose
(+)Catalase, urease, and nitrate reduction

A

Nocardia

107
Q

The colonies appearance of Nocardia

A

Exhibit wrinkled, “chalk-like” appearance, sometimes waxy with “plowed field” odor

108
Q

It is a confluent bronchopneumonia where the sputum is thick and purulent although the encapsulation of the abscess is absent and without granuloma formation

A

Pulmonary nocardiosis

109
Q

Causative agent of Pulmonary Nocardiosis

A

N. cyriacigeorgica and N. farcinica

110
Q

It is a chronic, localized, painless subcutaneous infection that is characterized by the presence of draing pus and sulfur granules

A

Cutaneous nocardiosis (Actinomycotic/bacterial mycetoma)

111
Q

It is utilized to observe the branching filaments and partially acid-fast characteristics of Nocardia

A

Modified Kinyoun method

112
Q

It is used for histopathological examination of tissue specimen

A

Gomori’s methenamine silver (GMS)

113
Q

Most common causative agent of cutaneous nocardiosis

A

N. brasiliensis

114
Q

Nocardia spp are susceptible to _____ and resistant to beta-lactam drugs like ______

A

sulfonamides, penicilin

115
Q

It is asaccharolytic, non-motile, and partially acid-fast, with its cell wall composed of long chain mycolic acid. It exhibit a zigzag and scanty branching patterns with pale/ salmon pink in BAP

A

Rhodococcus equi

116
Q

It is partially acid-fast and non motile. Use 16S rRNA sequencing which serves as the differential marker. It has been isolated from surgical wound, coronary artery infection, and pulmonary disease

A

Gordonia

117
Q

Gram positive, non motile, and shaped like long rods that fragments into three parts. Slightly acid fast when the Kinyoun method is used

A

Tsukamurella

118
Q

Gram positive rods with branching filament but variable hyphae. With “spore-like bodies” and extensive branching but does not fragment and “musty basement order”

A

Streptomyces

119
Q

Streptomyces that is a human pathogen

A

S. somaliensis (agent of actinomycotic mycetoma)

120
Q

Distinguishing feature of Steptomyces

A

Extensive branching but does with aerial hyphae (Tap water agar test)

121
Q

It causes bacterial mycetoma (“madura foot” or “madura belt”) same with Nocardia

A

Actinomadura

122
Q

In routine agar in exhibit a “molar tooth” appearance

A

Actinomadura

123
Q

Gram positive actinomycete and a facultative intracellular pathogen that reside the macrophages. The etiologic agent of Whipple’s disease that affect the gastrointestinal tract, joint, and muscles

A

Tropheryma whipplei

124
Q

Preferred specimen for Tropheryma whippleo

A

Doudenal biopsy

125
Q

Gold standard test for identification of Tropheryma whipplei

A

Periodic acid-Schiff staining

126
Q

characterized by trismus and risos sardonicus. It occurs when the organism enters an open wound and spread a potent toxin that mediates generalized muscle spasms

A

Tetanus

127
Q

Symptoms and incubation period of tetanus

A

Muscular rigidity and difficulty in swallowing, 3 to 21 days (depending on the distance from the injury to CNS)

128
Q

It is contracted through the use of contaminated instruments on newborns

A

Tetanus neonaturum

129
Q

Other name of Clostridium botulinum

A

Canned food baciilus
Von Ermengen’s bacillus
Pigsbel bacillus

130
Q

It is a potential bioterrorism agent and characterized by the presence of OVAL, SUBTERMINAL SPORES

A

Clostridium botulinum

131
Q

It is considered as one of the most potent natural toxins known to man. It also requires a small amount of this neurotoxin to cause fatality, produce paralysis, and death

A

Botulosm toxin (BoNT-Butolism Neurotoxin)

132
Q

It is characterized by double or blurred vision, impaired speech, difficulty in swallowing, weakness, and paralysis

A

Botulism

133
Q

It results from the ingestion of preformed botulism toxin in preserved or meat-based food. It is commonly caused by botulism toxin A

A

Foodborne botulism

134
Q

It is an infection that is caused by ingesting the organism from honey products added to milk

A

Infant botulism

135
Q

Tends to proliferate as skin microbiota of hospitalized individual; associated with indwelling devices such as catheter and prosthetic valves

A

C. jeikeium (JK bacillus)

136
Q

Normal microbiota in humans and cattles, caused bovine mastitis

A

C. ulcerans

137
Q

Causes erythrasma

A

C. minutissimum

138
Q

It is the most common cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis (bloody diarrhea with necrosis of colonic mucosa)

A

Clostridium difficle

139
Q

Preferred culture medium for C. difficle

A

Cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (CCFA)

140
Q

Virulence factor of Clostridium difficle

A

Toxin A (enterotoxin) and Toxin B (cytotoxin)

141
Q

Colonies are flat with a “horse stable” odor, non hemolytic, and produce fluorescent chartreuse under long UV light

A

Clostridium difficle

142
Q

Young colonies -“spider-like” or wooly” appearance
Old colonies -“molar tooth” appearance

A

Actinomyces israelii

143
Q

Pale staining, pleomorphic, gram (-) rods with safety pin appearance

A

Bacteroides fragilis

144
Q

Colonies corrode (pit) the agar

A

Bacteroides urealyticus

145
Q

Gram-positive diptheroids; that are coccoid or pointed in shape with bifurcated (forked) ends which resemble the shape of “dog bone”

A

Bifidobacterium

146
Q

May exhibit filamentous growth; with a translucent colonies with black center resembling “fish eye” colonies
(+) H2S production;bile resistant

A

Bilophilia wadsworthia

147
Q

Pleomorphic, gram-positive rods that are seagull wing-shaped

A

Eubacterium

148
Q

Resemble capnocytophaga. The medium exhibit a green color when expose to air; colonies have “breadcrumbs-like” appearance

A

Fusobacterium nucleatum

149
Q

It is the most common cause of anaerobic bacteremia (frequently isolated from blood cultures)

A

Bacteroides fragilis (Bile tolerant anaerobe)

150
Q

The frequently encountered anaerobic gram-positive cocci

A

Peptostreptococci

151
Q

The most pathogenic in the anaerobic in the group of Lactobacillus and often associated with endocarditis, meningitis, and pneumonia

A

Finegoldia magna

152
Q

It protects the female genital tract from urogenital infections

A

Lactobacillus acidophilus

153
Q

The most commonly isolated anaerobic gram-negative cocci in the lung and brain abscess and infection involving oral cavity

A

Veillonella

154
Q

Foul odor is emitted upon opening an anaerobic jar or pouch

A

Clostridium difficile, Fusobacterium, and Porphyromonas

155
Q

Presence of sulfur granules

A

Actinomyces, Cutibacterium, and Eubacterium nodatum

156
Q

Presence of brick-red flourescence when exposed to ultraviolet light

A

Prevotella and Porphyromonas

BACTE (1 decks)

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