AERO Test

Question 1

How do Lift and Drag act on an airfoil?

Answer 1

Lift is the component of this force that is perpendicular to the oncoming flow, it contrasts with the drag force, which is the component of the surface force parallel to the oncoming flow

Question 2

Define Angle of Attack (AoA).

Answer 2

Angle between relative wind and the chord

Question 3

What causes an airfoil to stall?

Answer 3

High AoA decreases percentage of wing area producing lift. Stall is the point where an increase in AoA no longer produces an increase in CL—or where the critical angle of attack is exceeded

Question 4

Describe the effects of external flaps on the coefficient of lift

Answer 4

For the same AOA, the Coefficient of Lift will increase with flaps extended

Question 5

What variables define refusal speed?

Answer 5

Refusal Speed (Vr): Maximum speed the aircraft can accelerate to on 4 engines and then stop within the Runway Available with the following limitations:
–(H) One engine wind milling
–One engine in Ground Idle
–Two engines in reverse (Symmetrical)
–Maximum anti-skid braking

Question 6

What factors is Vmca1 this based on? Minimum speed at which directional control can be maintained for the following configuration

Answer 6

–(H) #1 wind-milling on NTS / (J) #1 auto-feathered
–(H) Max Power on remaining engines
–(H) Bleeds Off(Good also for normal bleed)
–Max rudder deflection limited by (H) 180 lbs
–5oof bank away from failed engine
–Flaps 50%, gear down

Question 7

What is the relationship between Vmca1 and level flight?

Answer 7

–Only guarantees that you can overcome yawing and rolling tendencies with max rudder and aileron inputs
Function of temp and PA
–Level flight is a function of power available vs GW and whether you can maintain an AoA that supports that weight

Question 8

Describe Critical Field length

Answer 8

(H)The greater of the total runway distances – balanced or unbalanced, required to accelerate on all engines, experience an engine failure, and then to either continue the takeoff or stop.

Question 9

Know the difference between ceilings

Answer 9

a. Service ceiling
i. The altitude at which the maximum rate of climb capability at maximum continuous power, and best climb speed is 100ft (300ft per minute for cruise ceiling) per minute.

Question 10

Why and how would you perform a drift down maneuver?

Answer 10

a. Forced descent due to loss of engine(s)
Maintain driftdown speed until descent drops to 100fpm
Maintain 100fpm down to appropriate 3/2-Eng service ceiling

Question 11

What is the relationship among the decents and what they give you

Answer 11

Maximum range: Flight idle, clean - L/D max
Penetration: Max Range to 20k ft - 250 Kts to level
Rapid-config: Flight Idle, gear/100 flaps - 145Kts to level
Rapid-dive speed: Flight idle, clean - dive speed to level

Question 12

Lift Coeffiecent for power on / power off stalls difference and why

Answer 12

There is a large disparity between power-on and power-off stalls due to blown lift

i. In a power-on condition, 46% of the wing area is immersed in the propeller slipstream–the “blown area” of the wing
ii. High velocity airflow, especially at high power settings

Question 13

Rule of thumb for wing tip drop as it relates to bank angle

Answer 13

ROT: Wing drops 10 ft for every 10°AOB

Wing tip is not level with belly of aircraft until 10. 3°AOB

Question 14

Rule of thumb for dive recovery techniques using VVI

Answer 14

Add 10%of VVI to target level off AGL

Add FPA ×100to target level off AGL

Question 15

Label the balance of forces on an aircraft in flight

Answer 15

Thrust, Lift, Weight, Drag, Horizontal Stab Lift (neg)

Question 16

Define the 3x structural stresses and its effects on the airframe

Answer 16

a. Bending Moment: The moment created by a transverse deflection of a body through and perpendicular to its longitudinal axis…Example: Walking across a plank
b. Shearing Force: A force tending to cause deformation of a material by slippage along a plane or planes parallel to the imposed stress… Example: slippage during an earthquake
c. Torsion moment: The twisting of a body by the exertion of forces tending to turn one end about a longitudinal axis, while the other is held fast or turned in the opposite direction

Question 17

Understand how the Ultimate Limit of an airframe compares to Load Limit

Answer 17

a. UL factors are, by definition, 1.5 times the LLF
b. Exceeding the Ultimate Limit (UL) may cause catastrophic failure of the airframe
c. Over time, structural damage may lead to structural failure

Question 18

Relate maneuvers and the axes they stress…Explain which wing experiences higher G-loading and why (rolling and pulling wing stresses)

Answer 18

Maximum loads for unsymmetrical maneuvers are less than for symmetrical maneuvers. Also, check rolls; roll reversals greatly increase wing up-bending for the down-aileron wing

Question 19

Flaps, bank, and G-forces

Answer 19

a. Do not exceed:
i. 60°bank with flaps retracted
ii. 45°bank with flaps extended
Maximum 2.0 g symmetrical / 1.5 g unsymmetrical with flaps extended

Question 20

Only g meter on the plane and limitations?

Answer 20

Pilot’s g meter is only accurate at the point of installation, not the aircraft cg.

Question 21

Recovery a fin stall?

Answer 21

• Reduce rudder force and/or use opposite rudder force to bring the aircraft back to coordinated flight
• DO NOT apply full opposite rudder, this could result in structural damage to the aircraft and/or departure from controlled flight
• Smoothly re-center the ball

Question 22

How fuel distribution effects g limits and maneuverability

Answer 22

–Most of the fuel is stored in wing-tanks
–Weight distribution of fuel can increase or decrease wing up-bending in flight
–Fuel in outboards decreases wing up-bending
–Fuel in all other tanks increases wing up-bending
–The combination of up-bending and torsion moments on the wing may limit airspeed based on wing root strength
–For any chosen gross weight, the least wing bending in flight is with tanks #1 and #4 full.

Question 23

Difference between symmetrical and unsymmetrical g limit maneuvers. Give example of each and when to use.

Answer 23

–Symmetrical maneuvers are those maneuvers performed with ailerons neutral –i.e. zoom maneuver from wings level flight
–limited to 3.0gin area A
–Unsymmetrical maneuver are those maneuvers performed with ailerons deflected–i.e. increasing back pressure on the yoke while threat reacting
–Limited to 2.33g in area A

Question 24

Thunderstorm and turbulence airspeed considerations.

Answer 24

Power-off stall + 65 kts, 180 (H) KIAS maximum

–Compromise for adequate stall margin and prevention of structural damage

Question 25

Know the stall warnings (list 3).

Answer 25

–Progresses: Light to moderate to heavy buffet
–Buffet intensity increases with increasing GW
–With 0% flap light buffet precedes stall by 5 –9 kts, gradually increasing to moderate at stall
–Higher intensity buffet and more abrupt with flaps extended
–Greatest stall warning margin exists (in terms of percentage of stall speed) at 50%flap configuration
–Less margin exists at 0%and 100%flap

Question 26

Steps of the stall recovery.

Answer 26

–Adjust back stick pressure to reduce AoA
–Control rolling tendencies with ailerons and rudder (last surface to stall)
–Rolling out also reduces AoA of your lifting surfaces, potentially breaking an accelerated stall
–Add power if available
–Do not raise flaps (if extended) during recovery, this changes effective AoA