AERO II Flashcards
What is rolling friction
It accounts for the effects of frictionbetween the landing gear and the runway.
The coefficient of friction is dependent on/factors that change landing distance
runway surface, runway condition, tire type, and degree of brake application
Define max AOC
Maximum altitude gained in the shortest distance.
Where is maximum AOC located (on what curve and where on that curve)
On the thrust curve, to the left of L/D max, at the maximum thrust excess.
Define maximum rate of climb
Maximum altitude gained in the shortest amount of time.
Where is maximum ROC located (On what curve and where on that curve)
At L/D Max on the power curve
Factors affecting climb performance, what do they do?
OAT, weight, altitude landing gear, flaps. Increasing/lowering any of these factors will decrease both thrust and power excess, decreasing performance.
What effect does wind have on AOC and ROC
AOC: A headwind increases the airplanes maximum angle of climb, because it reaches the same altitude before with a smaller distance covered, A tailwind has the opposite effect.
ROC: Winds have no effect
Maximum Endurance define and where is it found?
Maximum amount of time that an aircraft can remain in the air. Found to the left of L/D Max.
Maximum Range define and where is it found
The maximum distance traveled over the ground for a given amount of fuel. Found at L/D Max. You want the least amount of drag to travel as far as possible.
How does wind effect maximum range and maximum endurance.
Maximum endurance: No effect.
Maximum range: A tailwind will allow the airplane to go further and a headwind will decrease an airplanes maximum range.
How do you go from maximum endurance to maximum range.
Increase power, decrease AOA, increase velocity.
How do you go from max ROC to Max AOC.
Increase in thrust, AOA, and decrease in velocity.
How does altitude effect maximum endurance and max range?
Max Endurance: burning less fuel to remain airborne so performance increases.
Max Range: Fuel consumed/mile decreases, so an increase in altitude increases maximum range performance.
How does weight affect maximum endurance and maximum range.
Maximum endurance and maximum range decrease because of a higher power setting burning more fuel. Both maximum endurance and max range airspeed.
Max glide range define and found where?
Maximum distance, minimum ange of descent, occurs and min thrust deficit, occurs at L/D Max AOA.
Max glide endurance define and found where?
Maximum time, min rate of descent, min power deficit, occurs to the left of L/D Max AOA.
Best glide in a T-6, best climb, glide ratio?
Glide: 125kts
Climb: 140kts
Glide ratio: 11:1 or 2:1
11,000 feet for every 1000 feet or for simplicity, 2NM for every 1000 feet
How does weight effect glide range and glide endurance.
Glide range: Unaffected by weight, but the airplane will still fly faster and descend faster which will decrease maximum endurance.
Wind affect on glide range and glide endurnace?
Glide endurance, no effect.
Glide range: Headwind decreases max glide range and a tailwind increases max glide range.
Combat ceiling?
500ft/min ROC
Cruise ceiling?
300ft/min ROC
Service ceiling?
100ft/min ROC
Aboslute ceiling
0ft/min ROC
Operational ceiling in T-6B
31,000ft
Region of reverse command
Increase power setting for lower velocity due to an increase in induced drag.
Region of normal command
Increase power to overcome parasite drag and fly at a faster velocity.
What is aerodynamic braking?
Increasing parasite drag on the airplane by holding a constant pitch attitude after touchdown and exposing more of the airplane’s surface to the relative wind.
Decelerating techniques?
Aerodynamic braking, mechanical braking, reverse thrust
Main gear pressure and hydroplaning airspeed for the T-6b
Main gear: 225psi
Hydroplaning speed: 115KIAS
Crosswind limitation for T-6b w/flaps or Taking off?
W/flaps: 10kts
TO: 25kts
How does the T-6B compensate for engine torque
Trim aid devices and the rudder
If you are climbing what kind of P-factor will you have?
Yaw left, correct right rudder because the downgoing blade on the right side creates more thrust.
If you are descending what kind of P-factor will you have?
Yaw right, correct left rudder because the upgoing blade on the left side creates more thrust.
Slipstream swirl does what and how do you corrrect for it
It impacts the left side of your vertical stabilizer, yaw left, use right rudder to correct.
Turn rate vs/ radius
Turn rate: heading change in degrees/sec
Turn radius: Radius of a turn
Turn rate and turn radius are inversely related.
If velocity is increase how will that affect turn rate/radius.
It will increase turn radius and decrease turn rate
How does weight affect turn rate/radius
It will not affect them directly but will inc turn radius and dec turn rate b/c of higher airspeed.
Define a slip
Is caused by opposite or insufficient rudder in the desired direction of turn causing a yawing movement toward the outdie fo the turn. The balance ball is deflected toward the inside.
Define a skid
Caused by using too much ruddder in the desired dirrection of the turn causing a yawing movement to the inside of the turn. The balance ball is deflected toward the outside due to centrifugal force.
Limit load factor
maximum load factor without risk of permanent deformation
Oversitrees
Exceeding the limit load, always report
Elastic limit
Maximum load that may be applied to a compenent without permanant deformation.
Ultimate load factor
Maximum load factor that the airplane can withstand without structural failure. Normally 1.5x the limit load or 150%.
Static strength
Measure of a materials resistance to a single application of a steady increase in load or force.
Static failure
Breaking due to a single application of a stead increase in load or force.
Fatigue strength
Cyclic application of load or force, numerous small applications over a period of time.
fatigue failure
Breaking due to cyclic application of load or force
T-6B manuevering airspeed/ T-6B redline
Maneuvering airspeed: 227KIAS (Cannot reach the limit load at that airspeed in a clean configuration)
Redline: 316KIAS or .67Mach
Critical mach number
Free airstream mach number that produces the first evidence of super sonic flow.
If the aircraft has no signs of MCrit…
It is safe to assume the aircraft is traveling less than LSOS
Aerolastic effect
Wing flutter: Oscillatory motion of the wing
Aileron reversal
High dynamic pressure can cause wing to twist. Resulting lift will roll the airplane in the opposite direction of control inputs.
Wing divergence
Greater than redline airspeed or fatigue failure from wing flutter, momen around the COG can remove wings
Gust loading and asymmetric loading, maximum airspeed, recommended airspeed
Maximum airspeed: 207KIAS
Recommended: 180KIAS
To study dynamic stabiliity, you assume
the object possesses positive static stability
Damped oscillation
positive static and positive dynamic stabliity
Undamped oscillation
positive static and neutral dynamic stability
Divergent oscillation
Positive static and negative dynamic stability
If an object is dynamically stable
It must have both positive static and positive dynamic stability
If an object is dynamically unstable
The displacement my or may not increase but the object will never return to its original equilibrium
negative static pressure ensures
negative dynamic stability
Negative dynamic assumes
positive stability but will never reach
Dynamic stability assumes
Positive static stability assumed
There are two ways to increase an airplane’s maneuverability
Increase size of control surface or decrease stability
Manueverability
Is the ease with which it will move out of its equilibrium position. A stable airplane tends to stay in equilibrium. The more maneuverable an airplane is , the easier it departs from equillibrium and the less likely it is to return to equilibrium
What makes an aircraft more stable or unstable, where is the Aerodynamic center located
AC in back for stabilizing moment
AC in the front destabilizing moment
Directional divergence
is a condition of flight in which the reaction to a small initial sideslip results in an increase sideslip angle. Negative directional stability.
If the vertical stabilizer becomes ineffective because of damage, such as a missile explosion…
If sideslip does not fix, causes directional divergence, caused by airframe damage, causes negative directional stability.
Spiral divergence
occurs when an airplane has strong directional stability and weak lateral stability
Dutch roll
is the result of strong lateral stability and weak directional stability.
Phugoid Oscillations
Are long period oscillations of 20-100 seconds of altitude and airspeed while maintaing a nearly constant ang of attack. As you descend in altitude you will gain airspeed and has your get your altitude back you will lose airspeed.
Proverse roll
Is the tendency of an airplane to roll in the same direction as it is yawing, when an airplane yaws, the yawing motion causes one wing to advance and the other to retreat
Adverse yaw
is the tendency of an airplane to yaw away from the direction of airleron input
Pilot induced osciallations
Are short 1-6 second oscillations of pitch attitude and AOA.
A spin
is an aggravated stall that results in autorotation which is a combination of roll and yaw that propagates itself due to asymmetrically stalled wings.
In order to spin
An aircraft must be stalled and yawed
What happens to the wings during a stall
The down-going wing has a higher AOA, this wing has become more stalled. COnversely, the right wing becomes the up-going wing which has a lower AOA and is less stalled.
The principal control for stopping autorotation in the T-6B
Is the rudder
The T-6B uses what to decrease the severity of spin characteristics
A dorsal fin, strakes, and ventral fin
What is the only reliable indicator of spin direction
THe turn needle
Characteristics and indications of erect spin
Nose down, upright atttitude, and positive G’s
Airspeed: 120-135KIAS
AOA: 18+ units
Characteristics and indications of inverted spin
Nose down, upside down attitude and negative G’s
Airspeed: 40KIAS
AOA: 0 units
Factors affecting spins
Conservation of angular momentum, lower pitch result in higher rotation rate.
If you get to ultimate load factor, do I break something?
Possibly, if you exceed, yes.
How do you go from max range to max endurance?
Decrease throttle, Increase AOA, decrease velocity
What happens to turn rate/radius in a slip?
Increase radius, decrease rate
What happens to turn rate/radius in a skid
Decrease radius, increase rate
Factors that effect all aspects of the safe flight envelope
Configuration
Increase in altitude does what to the safe flight envelope
In decreases your redline airspeed
Which wing is more stalled in a spin
The down-going wing is more stalled, the upgoing wing is less stalled.
Upgoing: lower AOA, more lift, less drag
Downgoing: Higher AOA, less lift, and more drag
Dealing with max range, what will your AOA be when flying into a headwind
Less than L/D max AOA, 4.4 units, when flying with a tailwind it will be greater than 4.4 units L/D max AOA.
What type of aircraft will cause the most amount of wake turbulence?
Heavy, slow, clean
Standard rate turn
3 degrees per second
What happens to takeoff and landing speeds as you increase humidity
they both increase
What happens to MCrit with an increase in altitude
Altitude does not effect your critical mach number
If you climb from a lower wind shear of 10kts to 25 kts what is that considered
An increase in wind shear performance
Aerolastic effects what:
wing flutter, aileron reversal, wing divergence
Prop effects:
slipstream swirl, P-factor
Windmilling
Greatest contributor to glide sink rate, your prop blades will be flat against the wind
Feathering
when your prop blades rotate into the wind so you can cut through the air if your engine dies
