Aero 4 Flashcards by Riccardo Alberti

What’s the V_TO?

(It’s the same as IAS_TO with ρ instead of ρ₀)

V_TO = 1.2 * V_stall

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What’s the V_LDG?

(It’s the same as IAS_LDG with ρ instead of ρ₀)

V_LDG = 1.3 * V_stall

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What are the forces involved in takeoff and landing?

Weight, thrust, drag, lift and roll friction

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What are the factors that increase takeoff distance?

If increased

Weight, drag and roll friction

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What are the factors that increase landing distance?

If increased

Weight and thrust

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What are the factors that decrease takeoff distance?

If increased

Thrust

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What are the factors that decrease landing distance?

If increased

Drag and roll friction

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What’s the net accelerating force?

T - D - F_R

T: thrust
D: drag
F_R: rolling friction

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What are the “4-H Club”?
How many have to be present to increase takeoff or landing distance?

Hot, High, Heavy and Humid.
Three or more.

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Does IAS_TO / IAS_LDG change with a change in the 4-H Club?

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What are elements that reduce takeoff or landing speeds and distances?

Specify if only relative to 1. distance, 2. IAS or 3. V

Flaps and boundary layer control devices (1,2,3), headwind (1,3).

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What are max Rate of Climb and Angle of Climb?

ROC: maximum altitude gain over time
AOC: maximum altitude gain over distance

They are both at maximum PCL

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At which TAS is max AOC achieved?
What does it depend on?

For both jet and prop

Jet: at L/D_max
Prop: below L/D_max TAS and above L/D_max AOA
It depends on max T_E

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At which TAS is max ROC achieved?
What does it depend on?

For both jet and prop

Jet: above L/D_max speed and below L/D_max AOA
Prop: at L/D_max speed and AOA
It depends on max P_E

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What does fuel consume rate depend on?

For both jet and prop

Jet: T_A
Prop: P_A

Both are minimum when they match minimum required

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What is maximum endurance?

It is the maximum time a plane can remain airborne on a given amount of fuel.
The slower the engine burns fuel, the longer the plane can fly.

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Where is maximum endurance found?

For both jet and prop, in relation to L/D_max AOA and velocity

It is found at:
- Jet: at L/D_max AOA and velocity
- Prop: above L/D_max AOA and below L/D_max velocity

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What’s the maximum endurance and range AOA for the T-6B?

Endurance: 8.8 units AOA
Range: 4.4 units AOA

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What is maximum range?

With no wind

It is the maximum distance a plane can fly on a given amount of fuel.
It occurs at minimum fuel flow per unit of velocity.

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Where is maximum range found?

For both jet and prop, in relation to L/D_max AOA and velocity

It is found at:
- Jet: below L/D_max AOA and above L/D_max velocity
- Prop: at L/D_max AOA and velocity

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What are the various ceilings?

Absolute ceiling: 0 fpm
Service ceiling: 100 fpm
Cruise ceiling: 300 fpm
Combat ceiling: 500 fpm

What’s the operational ceiling for the T-6B?

31.000 ft

What do glide range and endurance depend on?
Where do their maximums occurr in relation to L/D_max velocity and AOA?

Thrust deficit (at L/D_max) and power deficit (below L/D_max velocity and above L/D_max AOA), respectively.

L/D ratio is determined only by the AOA

What’s the V_best and the glide ratio (clean) for the T-6B?

V_best = 125 KIAS; 11:1.

What are the effects on the glide obtained by increasing weight?

It does not affect the glide range (it depends only on the AOA) and decreases glide endurance (it depends on speed, which increases)

What are the effects of wind on the glide?

It varies range, depending on the direction, but it does not affect endurance.

What are the effects of the propeller configuration on the glide?

- Windmilling: it drastically reduces performance - Feathered: it does not affect performance

What's the region of reverse command?

It's a flight situation where velocity and throttle setting for leveled flight are inversely related. | It occurs at airspeeds below L/D_max

What's the P-Factor?

It's a yawing moment created by the propeller when the relative wind isn't parallel with the thrust, creating an increased lift on one side of the propeller.

When is the P-Factor evident?

At AOAs significantly different from cruise AOA, such as very high speed level or descending flight, and high AOA climbs.

What's the effect of gyroscopic precession?

Any momentum imposed on the airplane is transformed in a force the acts 90° clockwise.

What's the load factor?

It's the number of Gs: *n*=L/W

What's the stall speed when taking the load factor into account?

V_{stall φ} = V_stall * sqrt(*n*)

What are the effects of speed and bank angle on a turn? | When increased

- Speed: lower turn rate, bigger turn radius - Bank angle: higher turn rate, smaller turn radius

How much is the Standard Rate Turn?

3°/s

What are the T-6B turn limits?

*n*_max = 7 G --> φ_max=83°

What's the needle and ball position for slip and skid?

- Slip: needle and ball on the same side - Skid: needle and ball on opposite sides

What usually causes a skid? What are the effects on turn radius and rate?

Too much rudder in the turn direction. Radius decreases and rate increases.

What usually causes a slip? What are the effects on turn radius and rate?

Opposite or insufficient rudder in the turn direction. Radius increases and rate decreases. | Useful in crosswind landings

What's fatigue strength?

It's the capacity of a component to withstand a repeated use (service life).

What's the ultimate load factor?

It is the maximum load factor a plane can withstand without structural failure. It's usually the 150% of the limit load factor.

What's the V-n/V-G diagram?

It's a graph that summarizes the structural and aerodynamic limitations of the aircraft based on speed (IAS) and load factor for a particular weight, altitude and configuration.

What are the T-6B's speeds?

V_NE: 316 KIAS or .67 Mach V_a: 227 KIAS | V_a is the maneuvering speed

What is critical Mach?

It's the speed at which the airflow begins to travel at transonic speeds around some parts of the aircraft.

What are the T-6B limit loads?

+7 g; -3.5 g

What's the effect of positive static stability and negative dynamic stability?

A divergent oscillation.

What's Directional Static Stability?

It's the stability of the longitudinal axis around the vertical axis. | It's the stability of the yaw

What's a sideslip?

It's when an airplane yaws but its inertia keeps it moving along its original path, creating a sideslip angle (β) between the longitudinal axis and the relative wind. The ortogonal component of the relative wind is called the sideslip relative wind.

What's Directional Divergence?

A condition where the reaction to a small sideslip brings to a greater sideslip angle. It's caused by **negative directional** static stability.

What causes Spiral Divergence?

Strong directional but weak lateral stability.

Describe the Dutch roll.

It's the result of strong lateral (roll) stability and weak directional stability (yaw). It looks like the plane is wagging its tail.

Descrive the Adverse Yaw.

It's the tendency of the plane to yaw away from the direction of aileron roll input due to an increase of induced drag on the raising aileron.