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Aerodynamics > Aero 4 > Flashcards

Aero 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the VTO?

(It’s the same as IASTO with ρ instead of ρ0)

A

VTO = 1.2 * Vstall

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2
Q

What’s the VLDG?

(It’s the same as IASLDG with ρ instead of ρ0)

A

VLDG = 1.3 * Vstall

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3
Q

What are the forces involved in takeoff and landing?

A

Weight, thrust, drag, lift and roll friction

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4
Q

What are the factors that increase takeoff distance?

If increased

A

Weight, drag and roll friction

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5
Q

What are the factors that increase landing distance?

If increased

A

Weight and thrust

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6
Q

What are the factors that decrease takeoff distance?

If increased

A

Thrust

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7
Q

What are the factors that decrease landing distance?

If increased

A

Drag and roll friction

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8
Q

What’s the net accelerating force?

A

T - D - FR

T: thrust
D: drag
FR: rolling friction

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9
Q

What are the “4-H Club”?
How many have to be present to increase takeoff or landing distance?

A

Hot, High, Heavy and Humid.
Three or more.

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10
Q

Does IASTO / IASLDG change with a change in the 4-H Club?

A

No

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11
Q

What are elements that reduce takeoff or landing speeds and distances?

Specify if only relative to 1. distance, 2. IAS or 3. V

A

Flaps and boundary layer control devices (1,2,3), headwind (1,3).

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12
Q

What are max Rate of Climb and Angle of Climb?

A
  • ROC: maximum altitude gain over time
  • AOC: maximum altitude gain over distance

They are both at maximum PCL

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13
Q

At which TAS is max AOC achieved?
What does it depend on?

For both jet and prop

A
  • Jet: at L/Dmax
  • Prop: below L/Dmax TAS and above L/Dmax AOA
    It depends on max TE
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14
Q

At which TAS is max ROC achieved?
What does it depend on?

For both jet and prop

A
  • Jet: above L/Dmax speed and below L/Dmax AOA
  • Prop: at L/Dmax speed and AOA
    It depends on max PE
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15
Q

What does fuel consume rate depend on?

For both jet and prop

A
  • Jet: TA
  • Prop: PA

Both are minimum when they match minimum required

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16
Q

What is maximum endurance?

A

It is the maximum time a plane can remain airborne on a given amount of fuel.
The slower the engine burns fuel, the longer the plane can fly.

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17
Q

Where is maximum endurance found?

For both jet and prop, in relation to L/Dmax AOA and velocity

A

It is found at:
- Jet: at L/Dmax AOA and velocity
- Prop: above L/Dmax AOA and below L/Dmax velocity

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18
Q

What’s the maximum endurance and range AOA for the T-6B?

A
  • Endurance: 8.8 units AOA
  • Range: 4.4 units AOA
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19
Q

What is maximum range?

With no wind

A

It is the maximum distance a plane can fly on a given amount of fuel.
It occurs at minimum fuel flow per unit of velocity.

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20
Q

Where is maximum range found?

For both jet and prop, in relation to L/Dmax AOA and velocity

A

It is found at:
- Jet: below L/Dmax AOA and above L/Dmax velocity
- Prop: at L/Dmax AOA and velocity

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21
Q

What are the various ceilings?

A
  • Absolute ceiling: 0 fpm
  • Service ceiling: 100 fpm
  • Cruise ceiling: 300 fpm
  • Combat ceiling: 500 fpm
22
Q

What’s the operational ceiling for the T-6B?

A

31.000 ft

23
Q

What do glide range and endurance depend on?
Where do their maximums occurr in relation to L/Dmax velocity and AOA?

A

Thrust deficit (at L/Dmax) and power deficit (below L/Dmax velocity and above L/Dmax AOA), respectively.

L/D ratio is determined only by the AOA

24
Q

What’s the Vbest and the glide ratio (clean) for the T-6B?

A

Vbest = 125 KIAS; 11:1.

25
Q

What are the effects on the glide obtained by increasing weight?

A

It does not affect the glide range (it depends only on the AOA) and decreases glide endurance (it depends on speed, which increases)

26
Q

What are the effects of wind on the glide?

A

It varies range, depending on the direction, but it does not affect endurance.

27
Q

What are the effects of the propeller configuration on the glide?

A
  • Windmilling: it drastically reduces performance
  • Feathered: it does not affect performance
28
Q

What’s the region of reverse command?

A

It’s a flight situation where velocity and throttle setting for leveled flight are inversely related.

It occurs at airspeeds below L/Dmax

29
Q

What’s the P-Factor?

A

It’s a yawing moment created by the propeller when the relative wind isn’t parallel with the thrust, creating an increased lift on one side of the propeller.

30
Q

When is the P-Factor evident?

A

At AOAs significantly different from cruise AOA, such as very high speed level or descending flight, and high AOA climbs.

31
Q

What’s the effect of gyroscopic precession?

A

Any momentum imposed on the airplane is transformed in a force the acts 90° clockwise.

32
Q

What’s the load factor?

A

It’s the number of Gs: n=L/W

33
Q

What’s the stall speed when taking the load factor into account?

A

Vstall φ = Vstall * sqrt(n)

34
Q

What are the effects of speed and bank angle on a turn?

When increased

A
  • Speed: lower turn rate, bigger turn radius
  • Bank angle: higher turn rate, smaller turn radius
35
Q

How much is the Standard Rate Turn?

A

3°/s

36
Q

What are the T-6B turn limits?

A

nmax = 7 G –> φmax=83°

37
Q

What’s the needle and ball position for slip and skid?

A
  • Slip: needle and ball on the same side
  • Skid: needle and ball on opposite sides
38
Q

What usually causes a skid?
What are the effects on turn radius and rate?

A

Too much rudder in the turn direction.
Radius decreases and rate increases.

39
Q

What usually causes a slip?
What are the effects on turn radius and rate?

A

Opposite or insufficient rudder in the turn direction.
Radius increases and rate decreases.

Useful in crosswind landings

40
Q

What’s fatigue strength?

A

It’s the capacity of a component to withstand a repeated use (service life).

41
Q

What’s the ultimate load factor?

A

It is the maximum load factor a plane can withstand without structural failure. It’s usually the 150% of the limit load factor.

42
Q

What’s the V-n/V-G diagram?

A

It’s a graph that summarizes the structural and aerodynamic limitations of the aircraft based on speed (IAS) and load factor for a particular weight, altitude and configuration.

43
Q

What are the T-6B’s speeds?

A

VNE: 316 KIAS or .67 Mach
Va: 227 KIAS

Va is the maneuvering speed

44
Q

What is critical Mach?

A

It’s the speed at which the airflow begins to travel at transonic speeds around some parts of the aircraft.

45
Q

What are the T-6B limit loads?

A

+7 g; -3.5 g

46
Q

What’s the effect of positive static stability and negative dynamic stability?

A

A divergent oscillation.

47
Q

What’s Directional Static Stability?

A

It’s the stability of the longitudinal axis around the vertical axis.

It’s the stability of the yaw

48
Q

What’s a sideslip?

A

It’s when an airplane yaws but its inertia keeps it moving along its original path, creating a sideslip angle (β) between the longitudinal axis and the relative wind. The ortogonal component of the relative wind is called the sideslip relative wind.

49
Q

What’s Directional Divergence?

A

A condition where the reaction to a small sideslip brings to a greater sideslip angle. It’s caused by negative directional static stability.

50
Q

What causes Spiral Divergence?

A

Strong directional but weak lateral stability.

51
Q

Describe the Dutch roll.

A

It’s the result of strong lateral (roll) stability and weak directional stability (yaw). It looks like the plane is wagging its tail.

52
Q

Descrive the Adverse Yaw.

A

It’s the tendency of the plane to yaw away from the direction of aileron roll input due to an increase of induced drag on the raising aileron.

Aerodynamics (3 decks)

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