AEP Flashcards
Five Component Functions Model of Exercise Physiology
- Signaling of Tissue
- Force Production
- Energy Production
- Substrate Supply
- Waste Removal
Signaling
- What changes?
- What drove the change?
- What systems change?
- What does this change influence?
- Why do we need this change?
What changes?
- Increased delivery of signal
What drove the change?
- The requirements of our external environment
What systems change?
- Nervous system, endocrine system (lymphatic)
What does this change influence?
- Muscle, heart, respiratory system, liver, fat, etc.
Why do we need this change?
- We need more signaling to:
• Activate the tissues to produce the force required to perform the activity
• Activate the tissues to produce the energy required to maintain the activity
• Activate the tissues to delivery the resources required to develop the energy
• Activate the tissues to remove the waste to ensure the process continues
Force Production
- What changes?
- What system drove the change?
- What systems were involved in the change?
- What does this change influence?
- Why?
What changes?
- Increase of internal force to overcome external force
What system drove the change?
- Neural system because we needed more tissue involved to perform the task
What systems were involved in the change?
- Muscular system, skeletal system, ligamentous system
What does this change influence?
- Metabolic systems (energy production)
Why?
- Because we need to produce more internal force (muscle force) to allow us to overcome the external force.
Energy Production
- What changes?
- What system drove the change?
- What systems were involved in the change?
- What does this change influence?
- Why?
What changes?
- Increased rate of energy utilization
What system drove the change?
- Muscular system because we needed more force which required more energy
What systems were involved in the change?
- Metabolic systems (liver, fat, subcellular [bioenergetics pathways])
What does this change influence?
- Substrate delivery and waste removal systems
Why?
- Because we are having to produce more energy to maintain the force requirement, we now need:
• To delivery more resources to pass through the bioenergetics pathways from storage cites, or our environment
• To remove the waste that is produced through these bioenergetics pathways
Substrate Supply
- What changes?
- What system drove the change?
- What systems were involved in the change?
- What does this change influence?
- Why?
What changes?
- The utilization of resources like glycogen, triglyceride, free fatty acids, oxygen has increased
What drove the change?
- Really feed forward from the neural system, but based on needing more energy to perform the action
What systems were involved in the change?
- Fuel storage cites (liver, blood stream, muscle, fat)
- Delivery systems (cardiovascular, respiratory)
What does this change influence?
- The ability to maintain energy production which is needed to maintain force output
Why?
- Because we are having to produce more energy to maintain the force requirement, we now need:
• To delivery more resources to pass through the bioenergetics pathways from storage cites, or our environment
Waste Removal
- What changes?
- What system drove the change?
- What systems were involved in the change?
- What does this change influence?
- Why?
What changes?
- The production of waste products from the bioenergetics pathways (water, CO2, heat, H+, etc.)
What drove the change?
- As energy was produced from the bioenergetics pathways, waste was produced. Accumulation of waste changed pressure gradients
What systems were involved in the change?
- Waste removal systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, integumentary)
What does this change influence?
- The ability to maintain activity at the desired rate. If waste cannot be removed at a fast enough rate, it can slow down the entire system
Why?
- Because we are having to produce more energy to maintain the force requirement, we now need:
• To remove more waste products back into our environment or into the larger physiological system
Four Major Concepts of Exercise Adaptation
- Specificity
- Overload
- Progression
- Reversibility
Ventilatory threshold
Nonmetabolic co2 production, waar 02 en co2 snijden in de curve
Specificity
The training must be specific to the physiological systems/tissues that will be called upon during the desired outcome activity.
The training stimulus should be reflective of the outcome activity desired.
Overload
The training stimulus must be sufficiently high enough (intense enough) to stimulate the tissues for which adaptation is desired.
The stimulus must be of a high enough intensity to create the extra demands on the tissue for which the tissues will adapt
Progression
Biological systems adapt to the stress they are exposed to. If we do not increase the stress as we progress through the adaptive process, we do not continue further adaption in the system.
Physical activity: Voluntary, intentionally, work toward a goal, has to have a certain intensity
• Moderate physical activity: measure in METs, you have to have 3-6 METS for moderate physical activity. This depends on what kind of person you are.
Reversibility
Biological systems adapt at to the stress placed upon them. If we remove the stress and return to simply being physical activity, we relinquish the gains observed following training.
FITT
F – Frequency
I – Intensity
T – Time (Duration)
T – Type (Mode)
Intensity
This is motor unit recruiting. The recruitment thresholds are at different intensities.
Time-Duration
Fatigue as a need for motor unit changes. Fatigue will make sure all fibers will contract: 100% of fibers have been activated. You cannot activate the muscle fibers anymore to generate a certain force.
The other problem is, you should be able to supply the energy needs to create a certain force (it all works together)
If you get a period of rest: you can clear out some bad produce and more energy therefore you will be able to produce more force.
Type-Mode
For example difference in mode; bike and squat
o Intensity can be changed on the bike so it both can cause resistance training, so that’s not where the difference is.
o The difference is that there is a difference in joint angles, a recruitment of different fibers, so the anatomy of the task is difference. The different mode of exercise is setting strain on different tissues.
o ‘What is the anatomy that is being strained’
You will not every time have the strain on a muscle in the same way
Weight loss - keys to adaptation
Use more energy consitently
Consuming less energy
You have to have a calorie deficit
The problem with obesity: storing more energy than using it
Endurance Development - keys to adaptation
- Little rest periods between workouts
- Increase aerobic capacity
- Increase mitochondria
- Increase the amount of blood going through te system > increase ATP production
- You have to be able to get to the amount of force production
- If you become more efficiënt; run at faster pace and use less energy doing that
What will determine if you are good at expressing high force?
- Neural and muscular characteristics
- Synchronisation of activation
- Reflexes
- Antagonists
What will determine if you are good at expressing high power?
- How quickly contract fiber
- Neural side; full activation
- Pheripheral: fast full contraction
6 Key design constraints to force, work, power in muscle
Positive Work 1. Length-Tension relationship 2. Degree and rate of activation 3. Force-Velocity relationship (shortening domain) 4. Degree and rate of relaxation Negative Work 5. Force-Velocity relationship (lengthen domain) 6. Passive stiffness
Positive Work
Concentric contraction
- Length-Tension relationship
- Degree and rate of activation
- Force-Velocity relationship (shortening domain)
- Degree and rate of relaxation
Negative Work
Eccentric Contraction
- Force-Velocity relationship (lengthen domain)
- Passive stiffness
Degree and rate of activation
If you have to create more force the velocity will go down.
The rate at which force can be developed appears to play a role in the force production of a tissue. The degree to which a tissue is activated also plays a role in force production (RATE CODING).
