AEP Flashcards
Five Component Functions Model of Exercise Physiology
- Signaling of Tissue
- Force Production
- Energy Production
- Substrate Supply
- Waste Removal
Signaling
- What changes?
- What drove the change?
- What systems change?
- What does this change influence?
- Why do we need this change?
What changes?
- Increased delivery of signal
What drove the change?
- The requirements of our external environment
What systems change?
- Nervous system, endocrine system (lymphatic)
What does this change influence?
- Muscle, heart, respiratory system, liver, fat, etc.
Why do we need this change?
- We need more signaling to:
• Activate the tissues to produce the force required to perform the activity
• Activate the tissues to produce the energy required to maintain the activity
• Activate the tissues to delivery the resources required to develop the energy
• Activate the tissues to remove the waste to ensure the process continues
Force Production
- What changes?
- What system drove the change?
- What systems were involved in the change?
- What does this change influence?
- Why?
What changes?
- Increase of internal force to overcome external force
What system drove the change?
- Neural system because we needed more tissue involved to perform the task
What systems were involved in the change?
- Muscular system, skeletal system, ligamentous system
What does this change influence?
- Metabolic systems (energy production)
Why?
- Because we need to produce more internal force (muscle force) to allow us to overcome the external force.
Energy Production
- What changes?
- What system drove the change?
- What systems were involved in the change?
- What does this change influence?
- Why?
What changes?
- Increased rate of energy utilization
What system drove the change?
- Muscular system because we needed more force which required more energy
What systems were involved in the change?
- Metabolic systems (liver, fat, subcellular [bioenergetics pathways])
What does this change influence?
- Substrate delivery and waste removal systems
Why?
- Because we are having to produce more energy to maintain the force requirement, we now need:
• To delivery more resources to pass through the bioenergetics pathways from storage cites, or our environment
• To remove the waste that is produced through these bioenergetics pathways
Substrate Supply
- What changes?
- What system drove the change?
- What systems were involved in the change?
- What does this change influence?
- Why?
What changes?
- The utilization of resources like glycogen, triglyceride, free fatty acids, oxygen has increased
What drove the change?
- Really feed forward from the neural system, but based on needing more energy to perform the action
What systems were involved in the change?
- Fuel storage cites (liver, blood stream, muscle, fat)
- Delivery systems (cardiovascular, respiratory)
What does this change influence?
- The ability to maintain energy production which is needed to maintain force output
Why?
- Because we are having to produce more energy to maintain the force requirement, we now need:
• To delivery more resources to pass through the bioenergetics pathways from storage cites, or our environment
Waste Removal
- What changes?
- What system drove the change?
- What systems were involved in the change?
- What does this change influence?
- Why?
What changes?
- The production of waste products from the bioenergetics pathways (water, CO2, heat, H+, etc.)
What drove the change?
- As energy was produced from the bioenergetics pathways, waste was produced. Accumulation of waste changed pressure gradients
What systems were involved in the change?
- Waste removal systems (cardiovascular, respiratory, urinary, integumentary)
What does this change influence?
- The ability to maintain activity at the desired rate. If waste cannot be removed at a fast enough rate, it can slow down the entire system
Why?
- Because we are having to produce more energy to maintain the force requirement, we now need:
• To remove more waste products back into our environment or into the larger physiological system
Four Major Concepts of Exercise Adaptation
- Specificity
- Overload
- Progression
- Reversibility
Ventilatory threshold
Nonmetabolic co2 production, waar 02 en co2 snijden in de curve
Specificity
The training must be specific to the physiological systems/tissues that will be called upon during the desired outcome activity.
The training stimulus should be reflective of the outcome activity desired.
Overload
The training stimulus must be sufficiently high enough (intense enough) to stimulate the tissues for which adaptation is desired.
The stimulus must be of a high enough intensity to create the extra demands on the tissue for which the tissues will adapt
Progression
Biological systems adapt to the stress they are exposed to. If we do not increase the stress as we progress through the adaptive process, we do not continue further adaption in the system.
Physical activity: Voluntary, intentionally, work toward a goal, has to have a certain intensity
• Moderate physical activity: measure in METs, you have to have 3-6 METS for moderate physical activity. This depends on what kind of person you are.
Reversibility
Biological systems adapt at to the stress placed upon them. If we remove the stress and return to simply being physical activity, we relinquish the gains observed following training.
FITT
F – Frequency
I – Intensity
T – Time (Duration)
T – Type (Mode)
Intensity
This is motor unit recruiting. The recruitment thresholds are at different intensities.
Time-Duration
Fatigue as a need for motor unit changes. Fatigue will make sure all fibers will contract: 100% of fibers have been activated. You cannot activate the muscle fibers anymore to generate a certain force.
The other problem is, you should be able to supply the energy needs to create a certain force (it all works together)
If you get a period of rest: you can clear out some bad produce and more energy therefore you will be able to produce more force.
Type-Mode
For example difference in mode; bike and squat
o Intensity can be changed on the bike so it both can cause resistance training, so that’s not where the difference is.
o The difference is that there is a difference in joint angles, a recruitment of different fibers, so the anatomy of the task is difference. The different mode of exercise is setting strain on different tissues.
o ‘What is the anatomy that is being strained’
You will not every time have the strain on a muscle in the same way
Weight loss - keys to adaptation
Use more energy consitently
Consuming less energy
You have to have a calorie deficit
The problem with obesity: storing more energy than using it
Endurance Development - keys to adaptation
- Little rest periods between workouts
- Increase aerobic capacity
- Increase mitochondria
- Increase the amount of blood going through te system > increase ATP production
- You have to be able to get to the amount of force production
- If you become more efficiënt; run at faster pace and use less energy doing that
What will determine if you are good at expressing high force?
- Neural and muscular characteristics
- Synchronisation of activation
- Reflexes
- Antagonists
What will determine if you are good at expressing high power?
- How quickly contract fiber
- Neural side; full activation
- Pheripheral: fast full contraction
6 Key design constraints to force, work, power in muscle
Positive Work 1. Length-Tension relationship 2. Degree and rate of activation 3. Force-Velocity relationship (shortening domain) 4. Degree and rate of relaxation Negative Work 5. Force-Velocity relationship (lengthen domain) 6. Passive stiffness
Positive Work
Concentric contraction
- Length-Tension relationship
- Degree and rate of activation
- Force-Velocity relationship (shortening domain)
- Degree and rate of relaxation
Negative Work
Eccentric Contraction
- Force-Velocity relationship (lengthen domain)
- Passive stiffness
Degree and rate of activation
If you have to create more force the velocity will go down.
The rate at which force can be developed appears to play a role in the force production of a tissue. The degree to which a tissue is activated also plays a role in force production (RATE CODING).
Length-Tension Relationship
Optimal length is defined as the sarcomere length that provides for optimal overlap of thick and thin filaments
Degree and rate of relaxation
Relaxion has to be fast enough to give enough velocity for the next movement, but slow enough to give a maximum in the current motion
This is often thought of as the rate limiting factor associated with power output
The shorter your rate of relaxation is, the faster your muscle will be able to contract again so you will be able to produce a higher force
• Type 1 will take longer to recover than a 2x
Force-Velocity relationship (shortening domain)
True maximal capacity of muscle to produce force:
Isometric contraction, strap on chair, knees 40 degrees and make someone press as hard as you can press (fysio wiehoe)
Force-Velocity Relationship (lengthening domain)
- Eccentric has a different metabolic stimulus
- The force will increase, this is because you will actually tear muscles
- If you put the velocity of the eccentric contraction higher, you will tear the actine and myosine apart
- If you have a low velocity of eccentric contraction, you have a controlled force
Passive Stiffness
Resistance to elongation or shortening. The change in tension per unit change in length
Basal Ganglia
Initiation of Movement
information for processing
Cerebellum
Finer movement
coordination of movement
Initiation of movement - Parietal lobe
body position in space
Initiation of movement - anterior portion of the frontal lobe
goal and appropriate strategy for attaining it
initiation of movement - temporal lobe
memories of past strategies
planning of movement - prefrontal cortex
begins planning the movement
planning of movement - frontal cortex
Receives and process information from the parietal cortex regarding spatial perception
planning of movement - basal ganglia
Information process about goals, memories of past activity and spatial perception
Sensory feedback
received by cerebellum
Exteroception
where items are in the environment
exproprioception
where our body is relative to the environment
proprioception
where our body parts are and how they are configured
mechanoreceptors
- muscle spindles
- golgi tendon organ
- Tactile corpuscles
- Bulbous corpuscles
- Merkel nerve endings
- Lamellar corpuscles
tactile corpuscles
respond to light touch
bulbous corpuscles
detect tension deep skin
merkel nerve endings
detect sustained pressure
lamellar corpuscles
detect rapid motion
muscle spindles
respond to force/stretch leading to contraction
golgi tendon organ
respond to force, can excite or inhibit
Temporal recruitment
Rate coding
spatial recruitment
size principle
Size Principle - following training
- Increase activation of previously inactive motor units
- Better recruitment or better timing
- When you have summation, motor unit 1 and 2 will produce an overall higher force
Rate coding - following training
- ↑ in rate coding
- Motor unit can fire with a greater frequency, particularly in large motor units, than prior to training
- Power and speed training appear to be the most effective means of increasing rate coding
Potentiation
– The increase in strength of nerve impulses along pathways that have been used previously, either short-term or long-term
Motor Neuron Excitability - training
With training, the motor unit recruitment thresholds will decrease and therefore activated earlier
Motor Unit synchronization
When motor units fire to contract a muscle, there is a level of variability in the temporal sequence of that firing
The level of variability in the temporal sequence decreases leading to more motor units firing at the same time
