Advice Flashcards
when is the main risk period for a child to get dental fluorosis?
between 18 months and 3 years.
what concentration is in the fluoride varnish used in clinic?
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How does fluoride prevent dental caries?
- decreases demineralisation of enamel
- increases remineralisation of enamel
- incorporated in developing enamel
- interferes with metabolism of some plaque bacteria.
what is the recommended concentration of fluoride TP for an adult with high caries risk?
200 or 5000ppm Fluoride Toothpaste (need to be given under a px)
How does fluoride decrease demineralisation?
less calcium is lost under acid conditions where fluoride is present.
the demineralised enamel will also take up fluoride.
what does pH have to be blow for enamel to dissolve?
5.5pH
what is needed for enamel to remineralise?
- enamel needs calcium and phosphate.
where can you get calcium and phosphate from?
from saliva, dairy foods and CPP-ACP.
what layer/s of enamel does high concentration of fluoride (e.g. fluoride varnishes) reach?
surface layers in enamel as its over a short period of time.
what layer/s of enamel does lower concentration of fluoride (e.g. water and toothpaste) reach?
surface layer and lesion body as it will be over a long period of time.
how does fluoride interfere with some bacterial metabolism?
fluoride changes the bacterial cell pH to acid conditions. It also interferes with the glycolytic pathway.
what is it called when fluoride is condo-orated in developing enamel?
fluoridated HAP or fluoropataite.
what are some sources of systemic fluorides?
- swallowed TP
- water
- Food (e.g. fish and tea)
- tabletes/ drops.
- milk
- salt.
what is the % of fluoride in daily Mouthwash?
0.05% fluoride
what is the % of fluoride in weekly Mouthwash?
0.2% fluoride
what do you need to consider when prescribing fluoride mouthwash?
- age of patient
- appropriate instructions
- alcohol content.
how often should a professional topical fluoride be applied?
every 3-6 months depending on caries risk.
what dental materials provide amount of fluoride release?
- GIC
- FS
- Compomers
- some resin composites.
when does dental fluorosis occur?
when more than trace amounts of fluoride are ingested during tooth development.
what teeth arte most at risk of dental fluorosis?
permanent anterior theta.
what teeth are most at risk of dental fluorosis?
permanent anterior theta.
when do children learn to spit correctly?
3-4 years old.
enamel with fluoride has a tighter consent of what? and why is this?
protein - because high fluoride prevents the effective removal of the protein matrix during maturation.
is dental fluorosis in teeth hyper or hypo mineralised?
hyper mineralised.
what is most likely the cause of dental fluorosis?
- water with naturally high fluoride levels or eating fluoride toothpaste.
what ages should additional systems fluorides be avoided?
before the age of 3.
how much toothpaste should be given to a patient under 3?
smear of TP
how much toothpaste should be given to a patient under 6?
pea sized amount
what is the concentration of fluoride in the plaque, saliva and enamel dependent upon?
- how often fluoride is applied.
- how the fluoride is applied
- the concentration of the fluoride.
what does caries need to occur?
- plaque
- time
- tooth surface
- refined carbs
what is the main microbe in the plaque biofilm?
streptococcus.
after 14 of the plaque biofilm what is the dominant bacterial?
Actinomyces.
name 6 professional caries preventative methods?
- diet diary
- nutritional support
- 0 behaviour modification
- engaging patients
- PFS
- OHI
- Topical fluoride
- FS
- fluoride tooth moose.
what else should be considered when looking at a patients diet sheet ?
if they have any brothers or sisters and what their diet isa like. Or if they are an adult if they have children and what their diet is like.
what patients have the highest risk of developing caries?
- infants (with night drinks)
- its with reduced salivary flow.
- increased carb intake due to medical history
- recreational drug users.
- drinking sports drinks
- food tasters
- special diets.
- young children
medically physically impaired - low socio-economic groups
- language and cultural barriers.
what’s the main pieces of diet advice we should be giving too patients?
- confectionary only at meal times.
- only milk or water for children with feeder cups
- reduce soft drinks, only at meal times and to use a straw.
- only water at bedtime.
- sugar intake 4x per day
- sugary food at meal times.
- use sweetness
- non cariogenic snacks.
how can plaque deposits be minimised?
- mechanically
- use of fluoride TP (1450ppm)
- chemical plaque control (chlorhexidine)
- assess saliva flow.
what causes caries to occur?
cause by the action of sugars on the bacterial plaque covering the teeth, Caries occurs when demineralisation of the tooth structure exceeds remineralisation.
what are the steps to dietary counselling?
1) identify higher risk patients
2) take detailed dietary history
3) set goals
4) develop action plan
5) monitor and review.
what concentration fluoride TP should a child under 3 have?
1000ppm fluoride.
until what ages should a parent brush or supervise a childs toothbrushing?
at least 7 years old.
what concentration fluoride TP should a child 3-6yrs have?
1350-1500ppm fluoride,
what products could you recommend to help with desensitisation?
- fluoride mouthrinses/ varnish
- fluoride paste - GelKam
- low abrasively toothpaste
- sugar free chewing gum
- dentine bonding agents
- ‘Anti-erosion’ toothpastes
- tooth mousse.
what are the 3 main types of tooth wear?
erosion, abrasion, attrition
what is erosion?
progressive loss of dental hard tissue by an acidic chemical process not involving bacteria.
what is attrition?
loss of tooth substance or a restoration caused by tooth-to-tooth contact
what is abrasion?
abnormal wearing away of tooth substance or a restoration by a mechanical process other than tooth contact.
what are the different types of erosion and whats the difference between them?
- intrinsic - acid coming up
- extrinsic - acid going in
what could be some examples of an intrinsic acid that would cause erosion?
- Gastro oesphageal reflux
- vomiting
- ruminant eating
An eating for example bulimia nervosa would cause what type of tooth wear?
- erosion from intrinsic acid.
what are some examples of extrinsic acids?
- dietry acid sources (soft drinks, alcoholic drinks etc)
- OH acidic products (mouthwash, saliva substitutes)
- medications ( Vit C, asthma inhalers)
what are the important factors for dietary erosion?
- amount
- frequency
- method of consumption
- timing of consumption.
how does erosion differ from caries?
- caries is from plaque acid leading to demineralisation but the organic matrix is not affected.
- in erosion extrinsic/ intrinsic acid leads to demineralisation and loss of the organic matrix.
what other clinical presentations are associated with bruxism?
- tongue scalloping
- cheek ridging
- masseteric hypertrophy in severe cases
what can cause abrasion?
- tooth brushing
- abrasive dentifricies
- abrasive food particles
- piercings
- habits (nail biting, chewing, pen chewing, pipe smoking, wire stripping)
- latrogenic (unglazed porcelain)
what is the theory behind the cause of abfraction?
occlusal forces cause compressive and tensile stresses, which are concentrated at the cervical region of the tooth and cause micro-fracture of cervical enamel rods - creating a deep v-spaced notch on a single tooth.
how do we manage tooth wear?
1) identify presence and severity of tooth wear
2) identify aetiology
3) monitoring
4) prevention
how could we monitor tooth wear?
- models
- silicone index
- photographs
- measurements
- review 4-6 monthly then annually.
what advice/ treatments can you do to aid in the prevention of erosion?
- diet advice
- avoid brushing immediately after acidic foods.
- control of GPRD/ eating disorders.
- water and sodium bicarbonate mouthwash
- desensitisation and protection.
what advice/ treatments can you do to aid in the prevention of attrition?
- patient awareness and education
- splints
- composites
what advice/ treatments can you do to aid in the prevention of abrasion?
- patient education and habits
- OHI
- abrasive restorations.
what questions would you ask a patient who has abrasive cavities?
- bristle stiffness
- toothbrushing force
- toothbrushing frequency
- paste abrasively
when should you intervene with a patient who has tooth wear?
- early rather than late
- protect pulp
- aesthetics
- functional problems
- loss of structures integrity
- prevention of further complex treatment
- patients wishes / cooperation.
what is the purpose of binding agents in dentifrices?
holds all the ingredients together and assist in creating the texture of toothpaste