Adverse Effects Flashcards
T/F: Penicillins relatively safe, but adverse effects are common, especially hypersensitivity reactions.
False - Adverse effects are rare
What is a “procaine reaction”?
Procaine is a sodium channel blocker
Can lead to CNS excitement, convulsions, and seizures if given IV
Aminoglycosides are _________
Nephrotoxic
T/F: If we give a higher dose once daily of aminoglycosides, we are more likely to reach trough concentrations and lower risk of developing nephrotoxicity
True
What factors might increase risk of nephrotoxicity with aminoglycosides?
Dehydration
Fever
Pre-existing renal disease
Neonates
Co-admin with other nephrotoxic drugs
Discuss some mechanisms that we can limit nephrotoxicity (aside from dosing) when giving aminoglycosides
Administration of calcium is protective (competes with active transport on renal cells)
Fluid administration will decrease reabsorption
In addition to being nephrotoxic, aminoglycosides are also _____
Ototoxicity - drug accumulates in tehe perilymph and the organ of corti
Increased risk with topical administration in the ear (avoid if eardrum ruptured)
When should you NEVER use aminoglycosides?
In diseases of the NMJ (ex. Botulism)
___________ toxicity is most commonly associated with fluoroquinolones. Who is most susceptible?
Cartilage toxicity
Puppies and foals
Mechanism of fluoroquinolones resulting in cartilage toxicity
Chelation of magnesium in the cartilage leads to a decreased cell matrix interaction in the chondrocytes
What factors increase risk of cartilage toxicity following fluoroquinolone administration?
Age - younger (immature cartilage/bone)
Weight - heavier
Activity level - more active
Number of doses - more doses
What toxicity do fluoroquinolones cause in cats?
Ocular - retinal degeneration, blindness
Ocular toxicity in cats is associated with enrofloxacin given at doses of ______mg/kg or higher
5
Mechanism of ocular toxicity with fluoroquinolones
Changes in efflux pump allows accumulation of photoreactive FQs in feline retina
With exposure to light, ROS are produced leading to retinal degeneration and blindness
Why is pradofloxacin not FDA approved for dogs in the US?
Caused bone marrow suppression
Nephrotoxicity is associated with THIS specific drug
Oxytet - high doses or prolonged use of
Doxycycline + Cat =
Esophageal stricture
Follow up with water or food to ensure that pill is completely swallowed
IV Doxy + Horse =
Death
Dental discoloration and inhibition of long bone growth are associated with _____. This is due to the __________.
Tetracyclines
Chelation of calcium
Why are adverse effects seen commonly in dogs given potentiated sulfonamides?
Decreased ability for acetylation
Instead of acetylating to non-toxic metabolite, they use a different pathway that creates toxic metabolites that lead to hypersensitivity reactions
What breed is especially sensitive to potentiated sulfonamides?
Dobermans (and Rottweilers?)
T/F: Potentiated sulfonamides can cause severe cutaneous reactions known as Steven’s-Johnson syndrome (toxic epidermal necrolysis)
True - considered to be a dermatological emergency
How can prolonged potentiated sulfonamide administration affect the eye?
KCS - toxic to lacrimal gland
Avoid giving _______ to animals with _____thyroidism
Potentiated sulfonamides
Hypothyroidism
Block formation of thyroxine and thyronine
What are macrolides most commonly used for in horses? What group? What are the potential side effects?
Rhodococcus
2-4mo
Diarrhea (especially in older horses)
Macrolides have ________ properties and can be used to increase GI motility.
Pro-kinetic
Why drugs do we often give macrolides with?
Rifampin!
Macrolides are capable of causing anhidrosis in foals. What does this mean? Why is this bad?
Cannot sweat
Bad b/c horses thermoregulate thru sweat
Leads to hyperthermia, respiratory distress, and death
Lincosamides can cause fatal antibiotic-induced diarrhea in what two species?
Horses and rabbits
What species is most susceptible to the dose-dependent hematologic toxicity see with chloramphenicol? Why?
Cats - lack of glucuronyl transferase
Metronidazole is associated with _________
Neurotoxicity - severe ataxia, vertical or rotary nystagmus, seizures
