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Year 3 Med Revision > Adverse Drugs Effect > Flashcards

Adverse Drugs Effect Flashcards

1
Q

Mode of action of ACE inhibitors?

A

Inhibits angiotensin I -> angiotensin II
Breaks down bradykinin

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2
Q

Side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Dry cough
Hyperkalaemia
Renal impairment
Foetal Injury

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3
Q

Mode of action of Thiazide diuretics?

A

Decrease Sodium + Chloride absorption in DCT

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4
Q

Side effects of Thiazide diuretics?

A

Gout -> hyperuricaemia
Hypokalaemia
Hyponatremia
Metabolic alkalosis
Hypercalcaemia
Hyperglycaemia

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5
Q

Mode of action of CCBs?

A

Stop calcium entering cells of hearts and arteries so decreases vascular tone

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6
Q

Side effects of CCBs?

A

Ankle oedema
Headache
Palpitations
Constipation

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6
Q

Mode of action of Beta Blockers?

A

Inhibits Beta-1 Receptors so that Adrenaline and Noradrenaline cannot have their effects.
Causes heart to beat more slowly and with less force

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7
Q

Side effects of Beta Blockers?

A

Bronchospasm
Hypotension
Bradycardia

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8
Q

Mode of action of Metformin?

A

Activation of AMPK -> inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and opposing the action of glucagon.

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9
Q

Side effects of Metformin?

A

Lactic Acidosis
GI symptoms

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10
Q

Mode of action of Sulfonylureas?

A

Inhibits the VGKCs of pancreatic beta cells -> ultimately resulting in insulin release

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11
Q

Side effects of Sulfonylureas?

A

Hypoglycaemia
Weight gain

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12
Q

Mode of action of SGLT-2 inhibitors?

A

Prevents reabsorption of glucose in PCT

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13
Q

Side effects of SGLT-2 inhibitors?

A

UTIs
Thrush
Can worsen DKA

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14
Q

Mode of action of Lamotrigine?

A

FIRST LINE FOR FOCAL SEIZURES
Sodium Channel Blocker

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15
Q

Side Effects of Lamotrigine?

A

Steven Johnson Syndrome
Suicidal thoughts

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16
Q

Mode of action of Sodium Valproate?

A

FIRST LINE FOR GENERALISED SEIZURES
Sodium channel blocker and increased GABA

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17
Q

Side effects of Sodium Valproate?

A

Teratogenic
Neural tube defects
Hepatotoxicity
Pancreatitis

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18
Q

Name the drugs used in the treatment of Tuberculosis.

A

RIPE
Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

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19
Q

Side effects of Rifampicin?

A

Orange secretions
Haemolysis

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20
Q

Side effects of Isoniazid?

A

Peripheral Neuropathy
Drug induced Lupus

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21
Q

Side effects of Pyrazinamide?

A

Gout -> hyperuricaemia
Arthralgia
Liver Toxicity

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22
Q

Side effects of Ethambutol?

A

Optic neuritis
Colour blindness
Avoid in CKD

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23
Q

Mode of action of Glucocorticoids?

A

Anti-inflammatory
Inhibition of cytokines

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24
Q

Give some examples of Glucocorticoids

A

Prednisolone
Dexamethasone
Fluticasone
Mometasone
Budesonide
(last 3 used in asthma)

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25
Q

Side effects of Glucocorticoids?

A

CUSHINOID
Ulcers
Immunosuppression
Hypertension
Adrenal suppression
Hyperglycaemia
Infection
Necrosis
Glycosuria
Osteoporosis
Dyspepsia
Depression
Glaucoma
Raised WCC
Cataracts
Intracranial HTN

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26
Q

Mode of action of NSAIDs?

A

Anti-inflammatory
Inhibition of COX

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27
Q

Side effects of NSAIDs

A

STOMACH ULCERS
Possible Nephritis
Chronic renal failure

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28
Q

What is Amiodarone used for?

A

Treatment of arrhythmias

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29
Q

Side effects of Amiodarone?

A

Hypothyroidism
Thyrotoxicosis
Corneal deposits
Stevens-Johnson
Liver failure
Pneumonitis
Pulmonary fibrosis

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30
Q

What is Lithium used to treat?

A

Bipolar Disorder
(works as an anti-psychotic)

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31
Q

Side effects of Lithium?

A

Nephrogenic Diabetes Insipidus
Confusion + blackouts
Difficulty speaking
Muscle weakness/twitches/jerks/spasms

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32
Q

Mode of action of Diazepam?

A

Increases Chloride ion influx in response to GABA

33
Q

Side effects of Diazepam?

A

Haemolytic anaemia
Jaundice
Respiratory depression

34
Q

Mode of action of Sitagliptin?

A

DPP-4 inhibitor
Increases incretins which then stimulate production of insulin when it’s needed

35
Q

Side effects of Sitagliptin?

A

Upper Respiratory Infection
Allergic reaction
Avoid in pancreatitis

36
Q

Side effects of SSRIs?

A

GI effects (nausea, diarrhoea)
Sexual dysfunction
Anxiety + agitation
Insomnia
QT interval prolongation (Citalopram)
Hyponatremia
Gastric Ulcer

37
Q

Side effects of ARBs?

A

Hyperkalaemia
Foetal injury

38
Q

Mode of action of Salbutamol?

A

Agonist at Beta-2 receptor
Reduces Ca2+ entry and prevents smooth muscle contraction

39
Q

Side effects of Salbutamol?

A

Palpitation
Tachycardia
Arrhythmias
Hypokalaemia

40
Q

Mode of action of Montelukast?

A

Antagonism of CysLT1 leukotriene receptor.
Decreases eosinophil migration, broncho-constriction + inflammation induced oedema

41
Q

Side effects of Montelukast?

A

Mood changes
Anaphylaxis

42
Q

Mode of action of Statins?

A

Selective competitive inhibitor of HMG-CoA

43
Q

Side effects of Statins?

A

Muscle toxicity

44
Q

Mode of action of Gentamicin?

A

Binds to bacterial ribosomal unit and disrupts translation.
Leading to formation of dysfunctional proteins

45
Q

Side effects of Gentamicin?

A

Ototoxicity
Nephrotoxicity

46
Q

Mode of action of Spironolactone?

A

Aldosterone antagonist

47
Q

Side effects of Spironolactone?

A

Hyperkalaemia
Renal impairment
Gynaecomastia
Changes in libido

48
Q

Mode of action of Furosemide?

A

Loop diuretic

49
Q

Side effects of Furosemide?

A

Hypotension
Hyponatremia/kalaemia

50
Q

Mode of action of Hydralazine/Nitrate?

A

Relax vascular smooth muscle promoting vasodilation

51
Q

Side effects of Hydralazine/Nitrate?

A

Headache
Palpitation
Flushing

52
Q

Mode of action of Digoxin?

A

Increase in intracellular sodium that will drive an influx of calcium in the heart and cause an increase in contractility

53
Q

Side effects of Digoxin?

A

Dizziness
Blurred vision
GI disturbances

54
Q

Side effects of SNRIs?

A

Nausea
Insomnia
Increased HR
Agitation

55
Q

Side effects of NASSA e.g. Mirtazapine?

A

Sedation
Increased appetite
Weight gain
Constipation/diarrhoea

56
Q

Side effects of Tricyclic anti-depressants?

A

Urinary retention
Drowsiness
Blurred vision
Constipation
Dry mouth

57
Q

Side effects of Monoamine Oxidase inhibitors?

A

Hypertensive reactions with Tyramine-containing foods e.g. pickled herring, Bovril, OXO, marmite, cheese + salami

58
Q

Side effects of bisphosphonates e.g. alendronic acid?

A

Oesophagitis
Oesophageal ulcers
Erosions + strictures
Hypocalcaemia
Osteonecrosis of jaw/auditory canal

59
Q

How do you reduce the side effects of Bisphosphonates?

A

Tablets given whole with LOTS OF WATER.
Taken on an empty stomach at least 30min before breakfast.
Patients should remain seated/upright for 30 minutes

60
Q

Mode of action of Methotrexate?

A

Folic acid inhibitor

61
Q

Side effects of Methotrexate?

A

GI disturbance
Folate deficiency
Immunosuppression
Pulmonary fibrosis
Liver toxicity
Interstitial pneumonitis
Rash
Teratogenicity

62
Q

Side effects of Sulfalazine?

A

Myelosuppression
Nausea
Rash
Oral ulcers
Decreased sperm count

63
Q

Side effects of Hydroxychloroquine?

A

Retinopathy
Rash

64
Q

Side effects of Biologic Therapy?

A

Immunosuppression
Reactivation of TB
Allergic reaction

65
Q

Side effects of Gold?

A

Myelosuppression
Renal toxicity (nephrotic syndrome)
Mouth ulcers
Photosensitivity
Chrysiasis (skin discolouration)

66
Q

Consequences of Anti-platelet therapy?

A

Bleeding
Bruising
GI side effects (particularly NSAIDs)
Haemorrhagic stroke
Surgical complications

67
Q

Name some Anticoagulants

A

Warfarin
Heparin
DOAC e.g. Apixaban/Rivaroxaban
Low Molecular Weight Heparin e.g. Enoxaparin

68
Q

When are Anti-Coagulants and Anti-Platelets contraindicated?

A

Active bleeding
High risk of bleeding (recent major surgery, trauma or intracranial malignancy, peptic ulcer, GI bleed history)
Severe renal impairment or liver disease
Uncontrolled HTN
Pregnancy
Thrombocytopenia

69
Q

Side effects of Heparin?

A

Haemorrhage
Thrombocytopenia
Skin reactions
Hyperkalaemia

70
Q

How to reverse Heparin in clinical setting?

A

Usually sufficient to withdraw But if rapid reversal required = protamine sulfate is a specific antidote (only partially reverses the effects of low molecular weight heparins).

71
Q

How to reverse effects of Warfarin?

A

Can wean off.
Minor bleeding = Vitamin K
Major bleeding = Vitamin K + Prothrombin Complex Concentrate

72
Q

How to reverse effects of Dabigatran?

A

IV Idarucizumab

73
Q

How to reverse effects of Factor Xa inhibitors e.g. Apixaban, Rivaroxaban, Edoxaban

A

Andexanet alfa

74
Q

Side effects of Aspirin?

A

Bronchospasm
Dyspepsia
Haemorrhage

75
Q

Side effects of Clopidogrel?

A

Diarrhoea
GI discomfort
Haemorrhage

76
Q

How to reverse Anti-Platelets?

A

Platelet transfusion
Tranexamic Acid (works indirectly to improve clot formation)
Desmopressin (efficacy unclear)

77
Q

What are the side effects of Levodopa?

A

Postural hypotension
Hallucinations + Psychosis
Confusion
Dyskinesia

78
Q

How are the peripheral side effects of Levodopa reduced?

A

By co-prescription of Carbidopa a decarboxylase inhibitor

79
Q

What are the side effects of Colchicine?

A

Abdominal pain
Diarrhoea

80
Q

What are the ophthalmic side effects of steroids?

A

Cataracts
Glaucoma

81
Q
A

Year 3 Med Revision (2 decks)

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