Adventures of Ben and Ethel! Flashcards
C) How do you form an alkane from an alkene?
Hydrogenation
Nickel catalyst
High pressure
60℃
C)How do you form a halogenoalkane with two bromines?
Bromine (Br2)
Addition reaction
C) How do you form a halogenoalkane with one bromine?
Electrophilic addition
HBr
How do you form an alcohol from an alkene?
Steam
Hot H3PO4 catalyst
Pressure
How do you form a diol (two alcohol groups) from an alkene?
Steam
KMnO4/H+
Oxidation
How do you form a polymer from a diol and a dicarboxylic acid?
SbO3 catalyst
280 degrees celsius
How do you form an alcohol from a halogenoalkane?
Nucleophilic substitution
Heat
With dilute NaOH
How do you form a halogenoalkane from an alcohol?
Conc H2SO4
and KBr (to get HBr in situ)
Distill
How do you form an amine from a halogenoalkane?
Heat under pressure
Excess ethanolic ammonia (aqueous gives an alcohol)
How do you form a halogenoalkane from an alkane?
Free radical substitution
UV light
Room temperature and pressure
Br2
How do you form the chloride salt of an amine?
Add HCl
How do you form CH3CH2NH3+ (+OH-) from CH3CH2NH2?
Add water
How do you form an amine group from a nitrile group?
LiAlH4 in DRY ETHER
How do you form a carboxylic acid from a nitrile group?
HCl
Boil
(Acid hydrolysis)
How do you form a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?
Heat under reflux
H2SO4
K2Cr2O7
How do you form an aldehyde from an alcohol?
Warm and distill
With a primary alcohol
Acidified potassium dichromate
H2SO4
How do you form an alkene from an alcohol?
Dehydration
Conc H2SO4 or hot pumice Al2O3
How do you form an alcohol from an aldehyde?
NaBH4
Warm in aqueous or ethanol conditions
How do you form an ester from a carboxylic acid?
Heat under reflux
With alcohol
H+ catalyst (mineral acid catalyst)
How do you form a carboxylic acid from an ester?
Add aqueous acid (hydrolysis)
How do you form the sodium salt of a carboxylic acid from an ester?
NaOH (alkaline hydrolysis) (aqueous)
How do you form a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride?
H2O
How do you form an acid anhydride from an acyl chloride?
Acyl chloride + sodium salt of carboxylic acid
How do you form an amide (like a carboxylic acid but with NH2 where the OH of the acid should be) from an acyl chloride?
Concentrated NH3
How do you form the sodium salt of a carboxylic acid from an amide (like a carboxylic acid but with NH2 where the OH of the acid should be)?
NaOH hydrolysis
Alkaline hydrolysis
How do you form a carboxylic acid from an amide (like a carboxylic acid but with NH2 where the OH of the acid should be)?
Acid hydrolysis using HCl
How do you form a ketone from an alcohol?
Heat under reflux
Secondary alcohol
H2SO4
K2Cr2O7
How do you add one chlorine to a benzene ring?
AlCL3 + Cl2
Electrophilic substitution
How do you form nitrobenzene from benzene? What is the ion involved in this mechanism?
Conc HNO3
Conc H2SO4
Nitration (with nitronium ion)
How do you form an NH2 group on a benzene ring
Start with nitrobenzene
Tin (Sb)
Conc HCl
Reduction
How do you form an NH3 group from an NH2 group on a benzene ring?
Add HCl (aq)
How do you form an NH2 group from an NH3 group on a benzene ring?
NaOH (aq)
How do you form benzene diazonium chloride?
Diazotisation with phenylamine
NaNO2 + HCl (to form nitrous acid in situ)
How do you form an azo dye from benzene diazonium chloride?
Coupling reaction with phenol
Sodium hydroxide
Phenol
Chill (
How do you form phenol from benzene diazonium chloride?
Warm above 10 degrees Celsius
How do you from the sodium salt of phenol and what is it called?
Add sodium or sodium hydroxide
Sodium phenoxide
How do you form phenol from sodium phenoxide?
HCl
How do you form 2,4,6-tribromophenol from phenol?
3Br2
Substitution
How do you form an ester from phenol?
Esterification
H2SO4
Acid anhydride
How do you form a phenol from a phenol ester?
H2O in acid conditions
Acid hydrolysis
How do you form an acyl chloride from a carboxylic acid?
PCl3
PCl5
SOCl2
