Advent Of Europeans Flashcards
Why did Europeans decide to venture?
- Seafarers (1340s)
- To find spices, gold and slaves
King John I
- 1415: supported sea farers
- Led them to Ceuta island
- Introduced slave trade to Europe
King Henry
Supported exploration to Western Africa
King John II
- Supported Bartholomew Diaz
- Did not support Columbus
King Ferdinand
Spanish King who supported Christopher Columbus (found America)
Advent of Europeans years
Portuguese: 1498
Dutch: 1605
English: 1608
Danes:1620
French:1664
Bartholomew Diaz
Portuguese in India
1487 first to reach Cape of Good Hope (southernmost Africa )
First to cross equator in search of sea route to India
Vasco da Gama
May 1498: landed at Calicut with 3 ships (led by Gujarati pilot Abdul Majid
Hindu ruler Zamorin welcomed him
Stayed in Sinai for 3 months
Returned to Portugal with black pepper and sold it for a huge profit
1502 visited again set up factories in Calicut, Cochin, Cannanore
Pedro Alvarez Cabral
1500: took a voyage to Calicut
Established a factory at Calicut
He discovered Brazil
Francisco de Almeida
1505 King of Portugal appointed him as governor of Portuguese India
His was a Portuguese soldier and explorer
Blue water policy (to establish supremacy of Portuguese in Indian Ocean
“Country which dominates the water, dominates the world”
Alfonso de Albuquerque
Succeeded Almeida as governor
Real founder of Portuguese power in the east
Acquired Goa from Sultan of Bijapur in 1510
Made Cochi as capital
Friendly with Krishnadevaraya (Tuvula Dyansty)
Abolished Sati in that area
Started 3G policy (God, Gold, Glory)
Encouraged Portuguese soldiers to marry Indian women to establish permanent settlement
Dutch
Originally a colony of Spain
Ports in Spain for the Dutch were closed due to war of independence
Dutch forced to find out a route to India and east for direct trade
16th century opened trade route to Russia
Huygen van Linschoten
Merchant and explorer of Portuguese territories
Served as secretary to Portuguese viceroy for 6 years
Copied top secret nautical maps
Published a book of these secrets when he reached holland
Book helped to form Dutch East India Company and others for English and French
Dutch East India Company
Established in 1602
First multinational company of the world
First company to issue stocks
First company given power to engage in colonial activities
Created by combining several companies in holland
Given power to trade with India for 21 years
Established factories in Ceylon, India, Sumatra, Persian Gulf, Red Sea
Established first factory at Masulipatnam, Andhra Pradesh
Factory in Pulicat: fort Geldria
Dutch lost to Portuguese
English East India Company
Established in 1600 as per royal charter
Joint stock company (125 shareholders initially)
First governor of eeic Thomas Smith
EEIC aka John’s company
William Hawkins was sent to secure permission from Jahangir to establish company at Surat (turned down due to Portuguese )
Middleton secured permission 1611
Battle of Bombay (battle between Portuguese and Middleton over permission)
Sir Thomas Roe came to India to establish more trading rights
Decline of Portuguese and Dutch in India
Trade activities were splintered (eeic was very structured)
Robert Clive
Governor of Fort Williams
Initiated Dual System (EEIC collected revenue and Indian Chief administered law and order)
Warren Hastings
1773-85
First Governor General of Bengal
Joined company as a clerk (23 years to become gov general)
Ended Dual System
Cut down Nawab of Bengal’s pension to half
Stopped payment of tributes to Delhi emperor
Shifted treasury from Murshidabad to Calcutta
Board of revenue created at Calcutta
Civil court (Sadar Diwali Adalat) under English collector
Criminal court (Sadar Nizamat Adalat) under Indian judge
Abolished Dastak
Das Tak
18th-century Bengal, a permit exempting European traders, mostly of the British East India Company, from paying customs or transit duties on their private trade.
