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adve pe Flashcards

1
Q

T or F - There are less than 100 bones in the human body

A

False

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2
Q

Bronchioles are the smallest structure in the respiratory system - T or F

A

False

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3
Q

A long bone is hollow in the middle - T or F

A

True

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4
Q

The pulmonary artery carries deoxygenated blood

A

True

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5
Q

Muscular power is a combination of strength and speed - T or F

A

True

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6
Q

Cardiac output is equal to stoke volume multiplied by heart rate - T or F

A

True

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7
Q

Ventilation is how many breathes you take every minute - T or F

A

False

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8
Q

There are 3 energy systems

A

True

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9
Q

The energy released from the breakdown of ATP is used for a muscular
contraction - T/F

A

True

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10
Q

Another name for the pectoral is the thigh.

A

False

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11
Q

The Sternum is an example of an irregular bone.

A

False

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12
Q

Overload happens when you train too hard.

A

False

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13
Q

Running for 30 minutes is an example of continuous training

A

True

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14
Q

Surfing is a good example of a sport that requires speed

A

False

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15
Q

The heart is an example of cardiac muscle - T/F

A

True

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16
Q

A contraction of the hamstring causes extension at the knee joint. - F/T

A

F

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17
Q

Striated muscles are found in the walls of the intestines.= F/T

A

F

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18
Q

Red blood cells are produced in short bones. - F/T

A

F

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19
Q

The function of platelets is to clot the blood - F/T

A

T

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20
Q

Ligaments connect bone to muscle. T/F

A

F

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21
Q

Muscles responsible for making movements are called

a. agonists
b. stabilisers
c. synegists
d. antagonists

A

agonists

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22
Q

another name for the clavicle is the

a. shoulder blade
b. skull
c. jaw
d. collarbone

A

Collar bone

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23
Q

When a muscle contracts it becomes

a. shorter
b. longer
c. stays the same length
d. any of the above

A

Any of the above

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24
Q

An important function of the skeleton is to

a. produce hormones
b. support the body
c. carry nerves
d. make blood flow quickly

A

Support the body

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25
Q

Turning the palms of your hands upward is an example of

a. dorsi flexion
b. plantar flexion
c. eversion
d. supination

A

Supination

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26
Q

An example of a hinge joint is found in the

a. elbow
b. hip
c. wrist
d. shoulder

A

Elbow

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27
Q

A vertebra is an example of a

a. Short bone
b. Flat bone
c. Long bone
d. Irregular bone

A

D

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28
Q

Muscles which straighten a limb at the joint are called

a. extensors
b. flexors
c. adductors
d. abductors

A

Extensors

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29
Q

The holes in spongy bone are filled with

a. air
b. marrow
c. marrow and air
d. none of the above

A

Marrow

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30
Q

Ligaments connect

a. bone to bone
b. muscle to bone
c. muscle to muscle
d. all of the above

A

Bone to Bone

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31
Q

Which of the following is not a function of the muscular system?

a. locomotion
b. assist in blood circulation
c. storage of fat and glycogen
d. red blood cell production

A

Red blood cell production

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32
Q

Twisting the sole of your foot inwards is called

a. abduction
b. flexion
c. eversion
d. inversion

A

D

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33
Q

A cartilagenous joint

a. is fixed
b. is slightly moveable
c. is freely moveable
d. is the least common joint type

A

C

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34
Q

The muscles use which substance in order to contract?

a. glycogen
b. ATP
c. ADP
d. glucose

A

B

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35
Q

Overload is when

a. you work too hard in training and you have to stop
b. you work to hard over a period of training sessions and get injured
c. you work harder than normal to increase the stress on the body systems
d. you try to lift too heavier a weight in a resistance training session

A

C

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36
Q 
If you are overloading a training program, the approximate percentage increase 
between sessions should be:
a. 5%
b. 10%
c. 15%
d. 12%
A

B

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37
Q

The ability of your body’s senses, nervous system and muscles to perform movements
smoothly and accurately is the definition for
a. agility
b. balance
c. coordination
d. flexibility

A

C

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38
Q

The muscle responsible for the movement of the arm away from the midline is the

a. pectoral
b. deltoid
c. latissimus dorsi
d. trapezius

A

B

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39
Q

An isoinertial contraction of the muscle is when the muscle

a. gets longer
b. gets shorter
c. stays the same length
d. both a and b

A

D

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40
Q

The formula for calculating maximum heart rate is

a. The amount of times your heart beats in an minute
b. 220 - age
c. 200 - age
d. 75% (220 – age)

A

B

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41
Q

The correct number of vertebra in the thoracic section of the vertebral column is

a. five
b. seven
c. twelve
d. four

A

C

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42
Q

The predominant energy system used for a 200m freestyle event is the

a. ATP-PC system
b. lactic Acid system
c. aerobic system
d. carbohydrate system

A

C

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43
Q

The carpals of the hand are an example of a(n)

a. short bone
b. flat bone
c. irregular bone
d. long bone

A

A

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44
Q

A sumo wrestler is classified as what type of body shape?

a. ectomorph
b. mesomorph
c. endomorph
d. none of the above

A

C

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45
Q

When the tibialis anterior contracts concentrically, the resultant movement is

a. plantarflexion
b. eversion
c. inversion
d. dorsiflexion

A

D

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46
Q

The flexed arm hang test is an example of which type of muscular contraction?

a. Isotonic concentric
b. Isotonic eccentric
c. Isometric
d. Centrimetric

A

C

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47
Q

The major energy system used whilst you sit this exam is the

a. ATP- PC system
b. Lactic Acid system
c. Aerobic system
d. Cardiovascular system

A

C

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48
Q 
If you are a distance runner, lifting heavy weights on the biceps is a waste of time. 
This is the training principle of 
a. specificity
b. progression
c. overload
d. reversibility
A

A

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49
Q

The energy demand for a 1500 metre athletic event would be

a. 17% Aerobic : 83% Anaerobic
b. 50 % Aerobic : 50 Anaerobic
c. 46% Aerobic : 54% Anaerobic
d. 83% Aerobic : 17 % Anaerobic

A

A

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50
Q

Plyometrics is a training method focusing specifically on

a. Muscular strength
b. Muscular power
c. Local muscular endurance
d. Anaerobic capacity

A

B

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51
Q

List the five main features of a synovial joint:

A 
Ligament
Synovial membrane
Joint capsule
Synovial fluid
cartilage
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52
Q

For the five features listed in Part ii), explain the role (function) of each: (Synovial fluid

A

Ligament – joins bone to bone
Synovial membrane – produces the synovial fluid
Joint capsule – provides stability and holds the joint in place
Synovial fluid – lubricates the joint and allows friction free movement
Cartilage – formed on the end of bones and allows friction free movement

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53
Q

What is the difference between an isoinertial eccentric contraction and an isoinertial concentric contraction? Give an example to support your answer.

A

An Isoinertial concentric contraction is when there is tension developed in the muscle and the
muscle length shortens (eg. Quads when kicking a football), whereas an Isoinertial Eccentric
contraction is when there is tension developed in the muscle and the muscle length lengthens
(eg. Quads when performing the down phase of a squat).

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54
Q

Acute responses to physical activity occur
A. Prior to physical activity
B. At the beginning of physical activity and last until the end of exercise
C. Half way through physical activity
D. After physical activity is complete

A

B

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55
Q 
When a muscle contracts concentrically it becomes
A. Shorter
B. Longer
C. Either of the above
D. Neither of the above
A

A

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56
Q

Which group of elite athletes would most require fast twitch fibres
A. Distance runner, tour de france cyclist, high jumper
B. 1500m runner, 1500m swimmer, rower
C. marathoners, cross-country skier, triathlete
D. speed skater, sprinter, javelin thrower

A

D

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57
Q 
Which pair of muscles has an ‘agonist – antagonist’ relationship ?
A. plantarflexion - dorsiflexion
B. biceps - deltoids
C. pectorals - quadriceps
D. tibialis anterior– gastrocnemius
A

D

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58
Q 
Turning the sole of your foot outwards is an example of:
A. Inversion
B. Eversion
C. Supination
D. Pronation
A

B

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59
Q

At the commencement of physical activity, blood flow is redistributed around the body. Which
of the following body parts is blood flow reduced to?
A. Heart
B. Muscles
C. Internal organs
D. Skin

A

C

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60
Q 
The maximum heart rate of a 50 year old woman would be approximately
A. 200
B. 190
C. 180
D. 170
A

D

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61
Q

The average adult would breath approximately

a) 35 times a minute
b) 25 times a minute
c) 15 times a minute
d) 5 times a minute

A

C

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62
Q

Ventilation is the

a. amount of air breathed in one minute
b. Tidal volume multiplied by respiratory rate
c. amount of air per breath multiplied by the number of breaths per minute
d. All of the above

A

D

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63
Q

Hypertrophy refers to:

a. Winning a big trophy
b. Enlargement of the heart muscle
c. Increased blood flow to the working muscles
d. The way that blood clots

A

B

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64
Q

Cells that fight disease and attack “alien” organisms

a. Red blood cells
b. White blood cells
c. Plasma
d. Platelets

A

B

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65
Q

Cells that are responsible for clotting the blood

a. Red blood cells
b. White blood cells
c. Plasma
d. Platelets

A

D

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66
Q

Makes up 55% of blood volume

a. Red blood cells
b. White blood cells
c. Plasma
d. Platelets

A

C

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67
Q 
The fitness component most required for a Tour de France cyclist would be:
A. Muscular strength
B. Local muscular endurance
C. Speed
D. Muscular power
A

B

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68
Q 
Which of the following is a health-related component of fitness
A. Agility
B. Balance
C. Reaction Time
D. Flexibility
A

D

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69
Q 
A Tennis coach would be most interested in results from what fitness test?
A. The Semo agility test
B. Sit and reach test
C. Standing vertical jump test        ]
D. Yo-Yo recovery test
A

A

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70
Q 
To build muscular endurance an AFL midfielder should do resistance training with
A. High Sets and Low Reps
B. Low Sets and High Reps
C. High Sets and High Reps
D. Low Sets and Low Reps
A

B

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71
Q 
The basketball throw test measures which fitness component?
A. Agility
B. Endurance
C. Strength
D. Power
A

D

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72
Q 
Anaerobic fitness is most represented by which Olympic running event
A. 400m 
B. 1500m 
C. Marathon
D. 10 000m
A

A

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73
Q

What are the 4 functions of the circulatory system?

A

–Maintaining the body’s core temperature (homeostasis).
–Removing waste products from the cells (CO2).
–Fighting infections.
–Transporting oxygen and nutrients to the cells.

74
Q

The heart and blood vessels can be divided into two circuits. What are the names of these circuits?

A

a) Circuit 1 ___pulmonary circuit______________

b) Circuit 2 _____systemic circuit______________

75
Q

What is the skeletal muscle pump and how does it work?

A

The skeletal muscle pump is the consequence of a muscle or a group of muscles continually contracting and
relaxing during physical activity. This contraction and relaxation constricts (narrows) and dilates (widens)
the surrounding blood vessels, and as a result this forces blood flow to continue to circulate around the body,
assisting in the delivery of oxygen to the working muscles

76
Q

Describe A artery

A

Thick walls, carries oxygenated blood

77
Q

Describe Capillary

A

1 cell thick, thin walls

78
Q

Describe veins

A

Contain valves

Carry deoxygenated blood

79
Q

Outline the functions of capillary

A

thinnest blood vessel (1 cell thick) and where diffusion occurs

80
Q

Outline functions of Bronchiole

A

branches off from the bronchus and passageway to the alveoli

81
Q

Outline functions of Aveoli

A

smallest respiratory structure where diffusion occurs

82
Q

Muscle fibre twitch for the marathon runner

A

Slow twitch

83
Q

what type of muscle fibre for a 100 m record holder

A

Fast twitch

84
Q

Characteristics of Slow-twitch fibres

A 
High capillary density 
Large Energy stores
High Aerobic enzymes
High fatigue resistance
Low force capacity
85
Q

Characteristics of fast-twitch fibres

A 
Low fatigue resistance
Large Force Capacity
Large Fibre Diameter
Large Motor Neurons
High anaerobic enzymes
86
Q

identify and explain the 5 main principles of training

A

frequency – number of training sessions per week
2 intensity – how hard you work during the session eg. % HR max
3 specificity – training must be specific to muscles, energy systems and fitness components
4 overload – when increasing the training load to put more stress on the body (approx. 10%)
5 duration – how long the session goes for, or the training program

87
Q

What are the main functions of the skeletal system?

A

Body Movement
Support

Protection
Mineral storage
Production of blood cells

88
Q

What do tendons attach?

A

Muscle to Bone

89
Q

What do ligaments attach

A

Bone to Bone

90
Q

What is the axial skeleton?

A

Consists of skull, vertebral column, ribs and sternum (thorax). It forms the major axis of the body as it is supportive and rigid and also protects many vital organs.

91
Q

What was the appendicular skeleton?

A

Includes the appendages (limbs) of the body and is used mainly for movement. It’s joined to the axial skeleton by the pelvic and pectoral girdles.

92
Q

What is a vertebra?

A

Has a hollow centre through which travels the spinal cord that controls most conscious movement within the body. In this way the cord is protected

93
Q

What are the 5 parts of the spine?

A

Cervical - 7 Vertebrae
Thoracic - 12 vertebrae

Lumbar - 5 vertebrae
Sacrum - 5 vertebrae fused together
Coccyx - 4 fused together

Total = 33

94
Q

What are the types of bones?

A

Long - Longer than they are wide, hollow containing marrow. Primary function is to act as levers and therefore essential for movement.

Short - Cube shaped, with the same width and length. They are designed for strength and weight bearing

Flat bones - Have large flat areas for muscles to attach and usually protect vital organs

Irregular - No regular shape or characteristics. They have a variety of functions which include protection

Sesamoid - Bones that are small, surrounded by tendons and located around a joint.

95
Q

When are joints formed?

A

When 2 or more bones meet

96
Q

What are the types of joints?

A

Fibrous - No movement eg skull
Cartilaginous - Slight movement eg between ribs

Synovial - Freely moveable 6 moveable

97
Q

What are the types of synovial joints?

A

Pivot - A joint that only allows rotation (atlas $ axis)

Gliding-Lets flat bones glide against each other (tarsals)

Ball and socket - This is when a ball goes into a socket (shoulder - Hip)

Hinge - Allows one specific movement (Knee - Elbow)

Saddle - Joint that allows movement like a saddle ( Metacarpals of the thumb)

Condyloid - Like the hinge joint but little rotation (Wrist)

98
Q

What Movements at these joint occur?

A

Pivot

Gliding
Ball & socket
Hinge
Saddle
Condyloid
99
Q

What Movements at these joint occur?
Pivot

Gliding
Ball & socket
Hinge
Saddle
Condyloid
A

Pivot - Rotation

Gliding - Gliding Movement

Ball & socket - Flexion, Extension, Adduction, Abduction, internal and external rotation

Hinge - Flexion and extension

Saddle - Flexion, Extension, Adduction & abduction

Condyloid - Flexion, Extension, Adduction & abduction

100
Q

What are the functions of the synovial joint

A

Synovial fluid: water like substance, provides the joint with free movement
Cartilage: covers the bones and provides support and friction free movement

Synovial membrane: produces the synovial fluid for the joint
Joint Capsule: encloses the joint and provides stability
Ligament: connects bone to bone

101
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

A vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts

102
Q

What is the transversal plane?

A

Divides body into top and bottom

103
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Divides body into front and back

104
Q

What is superior?

A

Closer to the head than another part

105
Q

What is the inferior?

A

Closer to the feet than another part

106
Q

What is Anterior?

A

Towards the front of the body

107
Q

What is the Posterior?

A

Towards the back of the body

108
Q

What is Medial?

A

Towards the midline of the body

109
Q

What is Lateral?

A

Away from the midline of the body

110
Q

What is proximal?

A

Closer to the point of attachment

111
Q

What is Distal?

A

Further away from the attachment point

112
Q

What is planter flexion and Dorsiflexion?

A

Dorsiflexion is moving foot up

Planter flexion is moving foot down

113
Q

What are the functions of the muscle system?

A

Posture
Body heat

Essential body functions
Body Movement

114
Q

What are the different types of muscles?

A

Smooth Muscle- involuntary (no control)
- internal

  • found in blood vessels & intestinal walls•
    Cardiac muscle- involuntary
  • found only in the heart•
    Skeletal muscles (these are the ones you labeled!)
  • voluntary
  • external- striped or striated appearance
  • allow skilled / motor movement
115
Q

What is the pairing if muscles called?

A

This pairing of muscles is called RECIPROCAL INHIBITION.

116
Q

What is agonist?

A

Prime mover

117
Q

What is the antagonist?

A

A muscle that provides the opposite movement.

118
Q

What is medial

A

Attachment that is proximal (closer) to the body’s midline. It is usually on the more stable bone.

119
Q

What is Distal

A

Attachment further away

120
Q

What is isoinertial concentric?

A

Muscle shortening - Against Gravity

121
Q

What is isoinertial eccentric?

A

Muscle lengthening - With Gravity

122
Q

What is fast twitch fibres?

A

They are also known as Type II fibres.Characteristics include:
Contract rapidly.

High force of contraction.
Fatigue quickly.
They possess anaerobic characteristicsThere are two different categories of fast twitch fibres

123
Q

What are slow twitch fibres?

A

Slow contraction time.
Low force of contraction.

Fatigue slowly.
They have a high capacity for use of the aerobic energy system. red in colour (due to the presence of myoglobin)
They are endurance fibres.

124
Q

What does Supinated mean?

A

Limbs that are facing palm upwards.

125
Q

Main functions of Cardiovascular System?

A
  1. Maintain body’s core temp.
  2. Removal of waste products from cells
  3. Fighting Infections
  4. Transporting O2 and nutrients to cells
126
Q

Main functions of Cardiovascular System?

A
  1. Maintain body’s core temp.
  2. Removal of waste products from cells
  3. Fighting Infections
  4. Transporting O2 and nutrients to cells
127
Q

How much blood does each person have?

A

Around 4-5 Litres

128
Q

What is Blood made up of?

A

Red Blood Cells (RBC) - Transport Oxygen in haemoglobin’s
White Blood Cells (WBC) - Fight Infections by absorbing and digesting disease causing organisms

Platelets - Produced in bone marrow and clot blood to prevent bleeding
Plasma - Made up of mostly water - fluid that blood cells, nutrients and waste float in.

129
Q

What are Arteries?

A
  • Carry blood away from heart
  • Carry Oxygenated blood (apart from pulmonary)
  • Arterioles are smaller arteries that link to capillaries.
  • High pressure
130
Q

What are Veins?

A
  • Carry blood towards heart
  • Carry deoxygenated blood (apart from pulmonary)
  • Venules are smaller veins that link to capillaries
  • Have valves that stop backflow
131
Q

What are capillaries?

A
  • Link arterioles with venules
  • 1 cell thick
  • Diffuse O2, CO2, Nutrients and other waste
132
Q

How does Cardiovascular system respond to exercise?

A
  • As intensity increases, heart needs to produce more O2
133
Q

Acute responses to exercise?

A

Short-term exercise

134
Q

Chronic adaptations to training?

A

Long-term exercise (6-12 weeks) will bring about chronic adaptations/changes to athletes that will assist them.

135
Q

What is HR?

A

Heart Rate - Number of heart beats per minute

136
Q

What is SV?

A

Stroke Volume - The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in a single beat

137
Q

What is Q?

A

Cardiac Output - The volume of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute

138
Q

Main functions of the Respiratory System?

A
  • Brings air from atmosphere into lungs
  • Transfers O2 into the blood
  • Removes CO2 from the blood
  • Allows vocal cords to create speech as air is breathed out.
139
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the Lungs?

A
  1. The Conducting System
  2. The Pleura
  3. The Diaphragm
140
Q

What does the Conducting System contain?

A
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
141
Q

What is the order of air flow from atmosphere to lungs?

A
  • Nasal Cavity
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
  • Trachea
  • Bronchi
  • Bronchioles
  • Alveoli
142
Q

What does the Nasal Cavity do?

A

Filters air, warms air and makes the air moist

143
Q

What does the Pharynx do?

A

Connects Nasal Cavity to the Larynx

144
Q

What does the Larynx do?

A

Contains Vocal Cords

145
Q

What does the Trachea do?

A

The windpipe leads air towards lungs from Nasal Cavity

146
Q

What does the Bronchi do?

A

Trachea divides into 2 bronchioles leading the air.

147
Q

What does the Bronchioles do?

A

Bronchi divide into series of Bronchioles leading the air.

148
Q

What does the Alveoli do?

A

Tiny air sacks that exchange gasses via diffusion

149
Q

What is the Diaphragm?

A

An involuntary, smooth muscle that contracts and relaxes to aid breathing.

150
Q

What are the Intercostal Muscles?

A

Located between the ribs and also assist with breathing.

151
Q

What is the Pleura?

A
  • The membrane that covers each lung.
  • Is attached to the inside of chest cavity and top of diaphragm
  • Purpose is to prevent friction between lungs and surrounding body tissue.
152
Q

What is Inspiration and how does it work?

A
  • Inspiration = Breathing in
  • Diaphragm contracts –> Intercostals raise thorax and sternum out –> Chest cavity is enlarged + pressure relaxed –> Air is draw in
153
Q

What is Expiration and how does it work?

A
  • Expiration = Breathing out

- Diaphragm relaxes and forms a dome –> Chest cavity is reduced –> Pressure is increased –> Air is forced out.

154
Q

What is RR?

A

Respiratory Rate - Number of breaths per minute

155
Q

What is TV?

A

Tidal Volume - Volume of air breathed in or out of the lungs in a single breath

156
Q

What is V?

A

Ventilation - Volume of air breathed in or out of the lungs per minute.

157
Q

How do you calculate Ventilation?

A

V = TV x RR

158
Q

How do you calculate Cardiac Output?

A

Q = SV x HR

159
Q

What does the Aorta do?

A

Main artery - carries blood from heart to body

160
Q

What is the Systemic Circuit?

A

Provides blood the the rest of the body

161
Q

What is the Pulmonary Circuit?

A

Takes blood to and from the lungs

162
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

Where gasses move from an area of high pressure to an area of low pressure.

163
Q

What is Gas Exchange?

A

Where O2 and CO2 move between bloodstream and lungs

164
Q

What is VO2 Max?

A

The maximum amount of oxygen that can be taken in, delivered and utilised for aerobic energy production

165
Q

What is the Vena Cava?

A

Large vein that carries blood to the heart from the systemic system.

166
Q

2 Key differences between Pulmonary and Systemic Circuits?

A

Pulmonary involves a loop between the heart and the lungs and O2 is diffused into the Pulmonary circuit at the alveoli and CO2 is diffused out.
Systemic circuit involves a loop between the heart and the muscles and O2 is delivered to the muscles and CO2 is taken into the circuit via the muscles.

167
Q

At rest, how many times would an average adult breath per minute?

A

15 times

168
Q

How is the exchange of gas in the lungs possible?

A

Gasses move from and area of high pressure to low pressure. Cell walls in alveoli and capillaries are very thin allowing for the transport of gasses.

169
Q

Explain how the diaphragm aids in inspiration?

A

The diaphragm contracts and flattens creating more space for the lungs to expand and less pressure.

170
Q

Explain how the diaphragm aids in expiration?

A

The diaphragm relaxes and forms a dome shape, increasing the pressure in the lungs and forcing the air out.

171
Q

What does ATP stand for?

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

172
Q

What does ATP do?

A

Provides the energy for movement. (ie. a muscular contraction)

173
Q

How much ATP is readily available for use?

A

About 1-2 seconds of Maximal Intensity Exercise

174
Q

How do you get more ATP?

A

By Resynthesizing (replenishing) ATP and this occurs by using the fuels PC, Carbohydrates and Fats.

175
Q

What is Rate?

A

How fast ATP is required

176
Q

What is Yield?

A

Amount of ATP required

177
Q

What factors affect how much energy each system contributes?

A
  • The duration of the exercise (Yield)
  • The intensity of the exercise (Rate)
  • The availability of oxygen
178
Q

What is PC (or CP)?

A

Phosphocreatine - Chemical Fuel

PC is utilised rapidly and resynthesises ATP very, very quickly (but it has a small yield).

179
Q

What are Carbohydrates (CHO’s)?

A
  • Can be utilised Anaerobically and aerobically
  • They have more bonds than PC, this takes longer

so ATP is resynthesised slightly slower.

180
Q

What are Fats?

A

Fats can only be utilised aerobically and
because these are ‘large’ molecules, they take a

long time to resynthesised ATP.

181
Q

What are the two types of fats?

A

Free fatty Acids - Bloodstream

Triglycerides - Stored

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