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Advances In Animal Production Science > Advances in Pig Production > Flashcards

Advances in Pig Production Flashcards

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1
Q

Past production

A
  • mainly backyard pigs (now 85% of uk pigs produced on farms that hold at least 1000 pigs - produce for slaughter and commercial conditions
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2
Q

Vision for adavancing pig health and welfare - 2020

A
  • safe pig meat
    ~ packaging reqirements e.g. storage recomendations and useby dates
    ~ production - ensure no vet medicines/pesticide residues in meat (withdrawal periods for vet meds and strict controls
  • free of enzonotic/exotic diseases (samonella, heaptitis E, campylobacter)
    ~ vac and biosecturity
    ~ african swine fever risk to uk
  • responsible use of antimicrobials
    ~ 2017 = 278mg/population corrected unit of antimicrobials in england
    2020 = 104mg/pop corrected unit (99mg 2020 target)
    ~ 2024 = 73mg
  • develop/promote new knowladge
  • integrated approach to improving pig health and welfare
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3
Q

Vision for advancing pig health and welfare - 2030

A
  • role of microbes
    ~ shift in nomenclature
    ~ classification shift to more functional based system
  • education/skills/carear options/transparent/trusted
    ~ veterinary/euthansia training
    ~ transparancy in production chain with recording systems including RFID (radio frequency identification) enabled barcoding = scan more tags at once and allows to identify each item
    ~ cctv for abbetois
  • sustainable feed/impact on environment
    ~ soya protein crop impact on enviro and GM
    -AMR/biosecurity/significant disease
  • precision farming/technology
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4
Q

Pig Haelth and Welfare Council bianual reports

A
  • established 2014
  • PH&WC consolidated the 6 areas of 20/20 vision plus ZNCP into 4 areas
    ~ enhancing pig meat and food safety
    ~ disease surveillance
    ~ welfare
    ~ use of antimicrobials in pig meat production
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5
Q

Biology of pig

  • age/weight at puberty
  • average litter size
  • litters/year
  • average weight
A
  • Sus scofra domesticus
  • age at puberty = 180-240 days (120-140kg)
  • average litter size = 10-18
  • litters/year = 2.3
  • average weight = 200-300kg (adult)
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6
Q

Pig breeding genetics companies

A
  • e.g. Ratterow farms ltd, JSR genetics
  • use hybrid pigs rather than traditional breeds (e.g. JSR 9T) need high energy cereal diet to have energy to produce large litters
  • research into the genetics of these pigs use of SNP chips (test genetic variation at specific locations of genome
  • CT scan to get best carcas conformation
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7
Q

Breeding pyramids

A
  • nucleus = pure bred nucleus for testing and selection
  • multiplier = crossbreeding and expansion/selection
  • commercial = maximum flexibility for different end markets
  • AI used at each stage
  • used to use two way (70s) cross (e.g. large white x welsh = F1 parent gilt)
  • tried to maximise hybrid vigor but too lean
  • now use 3 way cross (e.g. lanrece x duroc = landrace x large white = TWC
  • sire with good carcase quality (duroc)
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8
Q

Pig production cycle

A
  • gilt (140kg)
  • mating 2/3 times
  • gestation 115 days
  • farrowing
  • weaning at 28 days
  • gilt in oestrus for 4/5 days
  • mated again
  • weaner pigs at 8kg
  • grower at 30kg
  • finisher at >70kg
  • slaughter at 22 weeks 110kg
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9
Q

National herd

A
  • slaughter 10.4 million clean pigs a year
    • 250,000 cull sows/boars
  • 900,000 tones pig meat
  • 5 million pigs in UK at given time (half in east/north east england = rainfall less and soil lighter
  • 85% uk pigs held on holdings with at least 1000 pigs
  • breeding herd declining (after majour culls in late 90s associated with classical swine fever and foot and mouth disease
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10
Q

Pig prices

A
  • can go up and down as markets change
  • big dip in price in 2016 but now returne to 2014
  • AHDB pork best source for prices
  • pig prices subject to market forces - uk export lots of sow to belgium for processing, where there is oversupply in belgium, impact prce of export cull sows
  • all pig price = GB average deadweight price acheived by producers each week
  • standard pig price = average price for GB standard pigs (no premium for production system, feed regime or breed)
  • UK - before leave EU = more for pigs compared to other countrie
  • 2019 = uk similar to other eu countries, no longer have premium
  • if cost of production not offset by premiums, COP important factor for producer
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11
Q

Key performance indicators

A

(table on powerpoint)
- benchmark performance in fertility and herd performance
~ pigs weaned/sow/year = value of sow and how productive
~ pigs weaned/pen = direct measure of productivity
- compare to give idea of preweaning mortality = pigs that die cant be sold for profit
- productivity dosent always increase profit
increasing no.s means more go into finishing stage

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12
Q

Outdoor vs indoor production stats

A
  • 40% of uk industry
  • average pigs weaned per litter = 10.93
  • mortality rate over 12%
  • pigs weaned per sow/year = 24.55
  • indoor 12.2 pigs weaned per litter and 27.49 pigs weaned per sow per year (pre weaning mortality simmilar 12% but top 10% producers 3% points lower)
  • reducing pre-weaning mortality is a KPI for welfare
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13
Q

Wean to finish production

A
  • rearing and finishing unit is separate to breeding herd
  • weaned pigs for 3-4 months until finished at slaughter weight
  • pros = only need to provide barn and stockmanship as breeding feed and veterinary care handled by specialist companies
  • good way to deal with increased number of pigs produced on breeding farms and separate young from old stock = disease management
  • outdoor bred = born outdoors but reered indoors
  • outdoor reared = born and reered outside
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14
Q

benchmarking production KPIs

A
  • pigs weaned per litter over 10 years has increased from 9 to 10 between 2003 and 2013 (ahdb pork)
  • germany and denmark extra 2 pigs per litter
  • 2019 = denmark best production with 33.6 pigs weaned per sow , GB outdoor = 24.1 and indoor = 27.4
  • possible for gb to produce high numbers
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15
Q

Cost of pig production

A
  • All pig price is the GB, average deadweight pig price achieved by producers each week
  • pense/kg
  • 2017 price of pig meat higher than cost of production = profitable (estimated net margin £14 per pig average)
  • 2018 cost of production higher than price paid = net loss £5 per pig
  • 2019 = break even
  • big premium for italy = production cost higher than average EU price (US and brazil lowest costs)
  • feed makes up 63% of the cost of production and most variable component
  • lots of research into improving feed production and utilisation efficiency
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16
Q

Where to find latest costs of pig production

A

wk 8 on hub

17
Q

Most relavent challenges in big indusrtry

A
  • Indoor production – 60% (now nearer 50 dues to more producers going outdoors
  • Pig production performance = genetics
  • Gut health / disease challenge (vaccines, husbandry, legal framework)
  • Feed / water usage and efficiency
  • Environmental risks= reducing imported soya and manage nutrient wastes (green house gases, nitrogen) lead to climate change and eutrophication
  • Societal acceptability
18
Q

Increasing piglets

A
  • pneumatic pig crates to prevent piglet crusshing
  • suplementary milk provided at birth
  • temporarrily separate large and small piglets so they can drink from the sow
  • heat maps and lamps provide temperature differential neded to optimise sow and piglet comfort and encourage to lay away from mum to prevent accidental crushing
  • cross fostering = piglet sizes are standardised across sows to reduce mortality and competition in smaller pigs
  • record cards for each animal = aid management and cull selection
19
Q

Farrowing crates

A
  • health and safety = keep stock person safe from aggressive sows, reduce pre weaning mortality
    ~ harper reduced PWM by 50% with pneumatic farrowing crates
  • loose housing allows crate to be opend up in first few days so sow can turn around = sow more comfortable and used to box = produce more milk, better care of piglets, better welfare
  • soft coated slatted floors = less wounds, bad limbs, scaring, less antibitics, easy to clean = save time and water
20
Q

Developments in HAU pigs/production

A
  • 2017 destock, through clean and disinfect = reduce disease pressure
  • new dam line = JSR 9T latest hyper prolific hybrid genotypes
  • retain existing sire line = AI allows easily change sire line without disease risk
  • Nedap feeders allow individual recording of FCR, DFI, ADG and feeding behaviour as each pig is weighed, and feed intake and visit duration are recorded at every visit.
  • Growth of a pen of pigs from 80 to 155 d of age. Although ADG is linear, there may be considerable daily weight variation at the individual pig level
    ~ can have a 20kg diff at 156 days
    ~ easily find pigs not growing as much
    ~ adding shedding gates or stock markers = isolated to examine and treat (aids stock person improving pig production)
21
Q

Precision farming

A
  • feed stations are expensive
  • can still use automatic mixing to blend diets to needs of individual group
    ~ including medicated feed = target medicate whole pen but not whole unit if dont need it
    ~ useful for varying protein and energy = multiple classes of stock in same building (e.g. gilts kept for breeding need to grow at slower rate than pigs for slaughter)
  • load cells better way to record feed intake rather than manually recording weights
22
Q

Feed additives (not feed or feed materials def)

A

In the European Union:
They are NOT:

  • ‘feed’: any substance or product, including additives, whether processed, partially processed or unprocessed, intended to be used for oral feeding to animals.
  • feed materials’: products of vegetable or animal origin, whose principal purpose is to meet animals’ nutritional needs, in their natural state, fresh or preserved, and products derived from the industrial processing thereof, and organic or inorganic substances, whether or not containing feed additives, which are intended for use in oral animal-feeding either directly as such, or after processing, or in the preparation of compound feed, or as carrier of premixture
23
Q

Feed additives def

A

= feed additives’ means substances, micro-organisms or preparations, other than feed material and premixtures, which are intentionally added to feed or water in order to perform, in particular, one or more of the functions mentioned in Article 5(3)

  • favourably affect the characteristics of feed,
  • favourably affect the characteristics of animal products,
  • favourably affect the colour of ornamental fish and birds,
    satisfy the nutritional needs of animals,
  • favourably affect the environmental consequences of animal production,
  • favourably affect animal production, performance or welfare, particularly by affecting the gastro-intestinal flora or digestibility of feedingstuffs, or
    have a coccidiostatic or histomonostatic effect.
24
Q

Catagories of feed additives

A
  • technological additives: any substance added to feed for a technological purpose;
  • sensory additives: any substance, the addition of which to feed improves or changes the organoleptic properties of the feed, or the visual characteristics of the food derived from animals;
  • nutritional additives;
  • zootechnical additives: any additive used to affect favourably the performance of animals in good health or used to affect favourably the environment;
  • coccidiostats and histomonostats.
    ~ UK considered feed additives under legislation rather than vet meds
25
Q

Zootechnical additives

A
  • digestibility enhancers: substances which, when fed to animals, increase the digestibility of the diet, through action on target feed materials;
  • gut flora stabilisers: micro-organisms or other chemically defined substances, which, when fed to animals, have a positive effect on the gut flora;
  • substances which favourably affect the environment;
  • other zootechnical additives
26
Q

Digestability enhancers examples

A 
Phytase (breakdown phosphorus)
Xylanase
Glucanase
Mannanase
Protease 
galactosidase 
Amylase

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

27
Q

Quantum Blue

A
  • a zootechnical additive
  • a phytase
  • digestibility enhancer
  • there has been an evaluation report of analytic methods (define what QB is from chemical/physiological view) plus scientific opinion from European food standatds agency and commision regulation which puts phytase into the law as a feed additve
28
Q

Phosphorus and clacium

A
  • most by quantity
  • BSAS (britain) recomendation units/kg feed) P = 3.8g/kg, Ca = 8.0g/kg (fro 10-30kg weaner)
  • NRC (american) recomendation P= 3.2g/kg, Ca = 7.8g/kg (for a 11-25kg weaner)
  • digestible phosphorus (not total)
29
Q

Phytic acid

A
  • locks up organic phosphrous
  • 6-phytases which start at 6th position of phytate molecule and 3-Phytases
  • phosphorus makes up around 28% of phytic acid by mass
30
Q

Extra phosphoric effect

A

Many things it could be and likely combination

  • immuntiy
  • stonger bones
  • better gut integrity and nutrient digestability
  • gene expression
  • removal of anti nutritional factor (phytate)

Advances In Animal Production Science (13 decks)

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