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ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1 > ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1 > Flashcards

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an … atypical hyperplasia, deranged cell growth with increase in cell size, change in shape & appearance.

A

Dysplasia

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2
Q

What are the symptoms of Cellular Injury: Reversible?

A

1 Cell swelling & Vacuoles
2 Blebbing of plasma membrane
3 Mitochondria swelling
4 ER dilatation & Fatty changes

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3
Q

What are the symptoms of Cellular Injury: Irreversible?

A 
1 Enzymatic digestion of dead cell elements
2 Denaturation of proteins
3 Autolysis - lysosomal enzymes
4 Cytoplasm - increased eosinophilia 
5 Nucleus - nonspecific breakdown of DNA
6 pyknosis (shrinkage)
7 karyolysis (fading)
8 karyorrhexis (fragmentation)
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4
Q 
Cellular Injury Mechanisms: 
Name the (4) Hypoxic injury?
A 
1 Ischemia
2 Anoxia
3 Cellular responses
     a. Decrease in ATP, causing failure of sodium-
         potassium pump and sodium-calcium
          exchange
     b. Cellular swelling
4 Reperfusion injury
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5
Q 
Cellular Injury Mechanisms: 
Name the (5) Free radicals and reactive oxygen species?
A

1 Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms
having an unpaired electron
2 Lipid peroxidation
3 Alteration of proteins
4 Alteration of DNA
5 Mechanisms for the inactivation of free radicals

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6
Q 
Cellular Injury Mechanisms:
Name the (5) Chemical Injury?
A 
1 Lead
2 Carbon monoxide
3 Ethanol
4 Mercury
5 Social or street drugs
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7
Q

Chronic Cell Injury:

A

1 Non-lethal injury causes subcellular changes
a. characteristic in certain pathologic conditions
b. Changes in mitochondria seen in various
conditions in some of which there is an
increase in the number of mitochondria with
various morphological abnormalities
2 Cytoskeletal changes with formation of
distinctive intracellular inclusions such as:
a. Mallory body
b. Neurofibrillary tangles
c. Lewy body

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8
Q

Unintentional & Intentional Injuries:

What is the definition and the (4) symptoms of Blunt force injuries:

A

DEFINITION: Application of mechanical energy to
the body resulting in the tearing,
shearing, or crushing of tissues
1. Contusion & hematoma
2. Abrasion
3. Laceration
4. Fractures

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9
Q

FINISH THIS SENTENCE:

Bruise is more superficial VS. Hematoma which …

A

… involves deeper tissues

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10
Q

Women bruise more easily than men BECAUSE OF:

A

excess of subcutaneous fat.

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11
Q

Elders bruise more often BECAUSE OF:

A

… skin thinner due to stretching and aging

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12
Q

Lighter skin complexion show(s) [MORE / LESS] bruising than people with darker skin.

A

MORE

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13
Q 
Unintentional & Intentional Injuries:
List the (4) types of Sharp force wounds:
A
  1. Incised wounds
  2. Stab wounds
  3. Puncture wounds
  4. Chopping wounds
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14
Q

What causes Asphyxial Injuries and what are the (4) types of Asphyxial injuries?

A 
DEFINITION: Caused by a failure of cells to receive 
                    or use oxygen
1. Suffocation
2. Strangulation
     A. Hanging
     B. ligature
     C. manual
3. Chemical
4. Drowning
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15
Q

Infectious Injury depends on (3) things… What are they?

A
  1. Pathogenicity of a microorganism
  2. Virulence of a microorganism
  3. Disease-producing potential
    A. Invasion and destruction
    B. Toxin production
    C. Production of hypersensitivity reactions
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16
Q

Immunologic & Inflammatory Injury:

These are caused by (3) things: What are they?

A
  1. Phagocytic cells
  2. Immune and inflammatory substances
    A. Histamine
    B. antibodies
    C. lymphokines
    D. complement
    E. enzymes
  3. Membrane alterations
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17
Q

Injurious Genetic Factors: List (2) types and give (2) examples?

A
  1. Nuclear alterations
  2. Alterations in the plasma membrane structure,
    shape, receptors, or transport mechanisms
    Examples
  3. Sickle cell anemia
  4. muscular dystrophy
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18
Q

Injurious Nutritional Imbalances:

Essential nutrients are required for cells to function normally … List two types of Injurious Nutritional Imbalances?

A
  1. Deficient intake

2. Excessive intake

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19
Q

Temperature Extremes:

What does Hypothermic injury do?

A

Slows cellular metabolic processes

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20
Q

Temperature Extremes:

List (3) Hyperthermic injury examples:

A
  1. Heat cramps
  2. Heat exhaustion
  3. Heatstroke
21
Q

FINISH THIS SENTENCE:

Atmospheric Pressure Changes are …

A

… sudden increases or decreases in atmospheric pressure

22
Q

List (2) types of Atmospheric Pressure Changes:

A
  1. Blast injury
  2. Decompression sickness or caisson disease
    Example: “The bends”
23
Q

Ionizing Radiation injuries are caused by …

A

… Any form of radiation capable of removing orbital electrons from atoms

24
Q

List (4) causes of Ionizing radiation injuries:

A
  1. X-rays
  2. gamma rays
  3. alpha particles
  4. beta particles
25
Q

Cellular Injury:

Illumination injury is caused by …

A

Light modulation

26
Q

Cellular Injury:

List (3) types of illumination injury …

A
  1. Eyestrain
  2. obscured vision
  3. cataract formation
27
Q

Cellular injury:

Finish this sentence: Noise injury is …

A

acoustic trauma and noise-induced hearing loss

28
Q

Manifestations of Cellular Injury:

List (8) types of Cellular accumulations (infiltrations):

A
  1. Water
  2. Lipids
  3. carbohydrates
  4. Glycogen
  5. Proteins
  6. Pigments
    A. Melanin
    B. hemoproteins
    C. bilirubin
  7. Calcium
  8. Urate
29
Q

FINISH THIS SENTENCE:

Hydropic Degeneration happens when …

A

… excessive water accumulates in dysfunctional cells.

30
Q

Can Hydropic Degeneration be reversed?

A

YES …

provided the cause resolved before cell death

31
Q

What are the (6) Cellular Necrosis types?

A
  1. Coagulative
  2. Liquefactive
  3. Hemorrhagic
  4. Caseous
  5. Fatty
  6. Fibrinoid
32
Q

Cellular Death:
Finish this sentence:
Necrosis is the sum of …

A

Cellular Death:

… cellular changes after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion

33
Q

Cellular Death:

What are the (3) Processes of Cellular death?

A

Cellular Death:

  1. Karyolysis
  2. Pyknosis
  3. Karyorrhexis
34
Q

Cellular Death:

What is … Karyolysis?

A

Cellular Death:

… Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis

35
Q

Cellular Death:

What is … Pyknosis?

A

Cellular Death:

… … Clumping of the nucleus

36
Q

Cellular Death:

What is … Karyorrhexis?

A

Cellular Death:

… Fragmentation of the nucleus

37
Q

Define osmolatlity?

A

The number of solutes in water or solution

38
Q

What is the formula for …

Net Filtration =

A

forces favoring filtration - forces opposing filtration
1. “CHP” 1. “POP”
Capillary Plasma
Hydrostatic Osmotic
Pressure Pressure
2. Interstitial 2. Interstitial
Osmotic Hydrostatic
Pressure Pressure

39
Q

What are the forces favoring filtration?

A 
1. "CHP"
     Capillary
     Hydrostatic
     Pressure
2. Interstitial
    Osmotic
    Pressure
40
Q

What are the forces Opposing filtration?

A 
1. "POP"
Plasma
Osmotic
Pressure
2. Interstitial
Hydrostatic
Pressure
41
Q

Necrosis:

Coagulative necrosis is typically seen in …

A

Necrosis:
… hypoxic environments
(e.g. myocardial infarction, infarct of the spleen).

42
Q

Necrosis:

Coagulative necrosis is caused by …

A

Necrosis:

… protein denaturation

43
Q

Necrosis:
Coagulative necrosis:
When many cells undergo necrosis at once, then different necrosis patterns are produced, depending on what (3) things?

A
  1. Nature of injury
  2. Type of tissue
  3. Length of time.
44
Q

Necrosis:

Liquefactive necrosis is associated with …

A

… cellular destruction and pus formation

e.g. pneumonia

45
Q

Necrosis:

Caseous necrosis is a specific form of …

A

Necrosis:

… coagulation necrosis typically caused by mycobacteria (e.g. tuberculosis)

46
Q

Necrosis:

Fat necrosis results from the …

A

Necrosis:
… action of lipases on fatty tissues
(e.g. acute pancreatitis, breast tissue necrosis)

47
Q

Necrosis:

Fat necrosis is the action of …

A

Necrosis:

… lipases

48
Q

Necrosis:

Fibrinoid necrosis is caused by …

A

Necrosis:

… immune-mediated vascular damage, deposition of fibrin-like protein-like material in arterial walls

49
Q

Necrosis:

What is the clinical term for Gangrenous necrosis?

A

Necrosis:
Dry vs. wet gangrene
Gas gangrene

ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 1 (1 decks)

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