Advanced Nutrition Flashcards
The vitamin D response element (VDRE) and retinoid X receptors are found in
the nucleus
People with orange palms need immediate medical attention because it is a sign of lethal levels of vitamin A in the body.
False
Deficiency of vitamin A will lead to night blindness. This is due to . . .
inability to produce rhodopsin
Which of the following is considered a steroid hormone?
Vitamin D
What are the best sources of vitamin E?
wheat germ, nuts and seed oils
List 3 conditions that increase risk for fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies.
Malabsorption Disorders
Alcoholism
Hepatic dysfunction
Match the vitamin with the lab used to assess adequacy of the nutrient in the body.
vitamin D -
vitamin K -
vitamin A -
25(OH)D
prothromibin time (PT)
plasma retinol concentration
Vitamin A deficiency is common in children living in developing countries.
True
Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin D
muscle weakness, inadequate bone mineralzation
Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin E
red blood cell fragility and hemolytic anemia
Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin A
Bitots spots, corneal uclerations, folicular hyperkaratosis resembling “goose bumps”
Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin K
prolonged blood clotting, bruising and inadequate bone mineralization
The majority of vitamin A is stored in the LIVER while carotenoids are stored in
adipocytes
No tolerable upper limit (UL) has been set for vitamin D because we naturally make large amounts when our skin is exposed to UV light.
True
Which of these foods provide the greatest amount of vitamin K per serving?
Collard Greens
Select ALL of the following that function as antioxidants.
vitamin E
carotenoids
lycopene
Which of the following is the principle function of vitamin E? Select the best answer.
protect cell membranes by preventing oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids
Select ALL of the following that are TRUE of fat-soluble vitamin digestion and absorption..
-Most absorption occurs in the duodenum and jejunum.
-Micelles form in the intestinal lumen, then diffuse across the microvilli brush border membrane into the enterocytes.
-Chylomicrons enter the lymph before entering the blood.
Bile is required to emulsify fat globules containing the vitamins.
-Digestion and absorption are greater if the meal contains fat.
Which of the following will enhance magnesium absorption in the small intestine? Select the one best answer.
Protein
Select ALL that are true of phosphorus function.
-component of hydroxyapatite in bone
-component of nucleotides in RNA and DNA
-component of nucleotides in ATP for energy transfer
-a cell signaling agent through the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of different proteins
Select ALL that are functions of calcium.
-vasorelaxing and membrane-stabilizing effects on smooth muscle.
-regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase and other enzymes
-blood clotting
-muscle contraction
-nerve transmition
List 3 populations or conditions that put individuals at risk for magnesium deficiency.
Kidney Disease
Cardiovascular Disease
Diabetes
Total plasma calcium levels are a good measure of calcium status in the body.
False
Parathyroid hormone (PTH) effect on bone causes ______ to release ______.
- osteoclasts
-calcium
Select ALL of the following that are functions of magnesium.
-bone mineralization
-cell membrane stability by binding to phospholipids
-cofactor for >300 enzymatic reactions including beta oxidation, glycolysis and the TCA cycle.
-ATP stability
-promoting glucose uptake
Calcitonin ______ blood calcium by inhibiting _______.
-lowers
-Osetoclasts
What is secreted in response to low plasma calcium that acts on the kidney to increase the synthesis of calcitriol, which promotes renal absorption of calcium.
parathyroid hormone
Magnesium crosses the bursh boarder membrane of the small intestine through a magnesium channel or by way of paracellular diffusion.
True
Which age group has the highest calcium needs?
9-18 year olds
Which 2 substances can improve calcium absorption from the intestine? Select the 2 best answers.
vitamin D
lactose
Phosphorus balance is achieved largely by what process?
renal excretion
Phosphorus absorption takes place in the small intestine, predominantly in the jejunum.
True
High levels of IV magnesium are used to treat pre-eclampsia, a serious complication that can develop during pregnancy and lead to high blood pressure.
True
Which calcium supplemnet does not need to be ingested with food and can be useful in individuals with limited gastric acid production?
calcium citrate
Where is most magnesium found in the body?
bone
Which of the following is the primary positively charged electrolyte found in plasma and interstitial fluid? Select the best answer.
Sodium
Select all of the following that are true of potassium deficiency.
-can occur with use of loop diuretics, diarrhea and refeeding syndrome
-symptoms include cardiac arrhythmias and increased urine calcium excretion
Approximately how much water is released into the gastrointestinal tract daily as part of secretions
7L
The movement of water among various body compartments is regulated by the presence of ________? Select the best answer.
sodium in the extracellular fluid
Which of the following is the primary positively charged intracelluar electrolyte? Select the best answer.
Potassium
What is normal osmolality of plasma? Select the best answer.
280-295 mOsm/kg H2O
Where is the majority of water in the gastrointestinal tract absorbed?
small intestine
An excessive overconsumption of water dilutes the plasma, resulting in hyponatremia.
True
Which of the following contributes the highest percentage to total body water?
intracellular fluid
A higher percentage of muscle mass lowers total body water.
False
What percentage of the glomerular filtrate volume is typically excreted as urine each day?
less than 5%
The sodium potassium pump ATPase pump is an example of simple diffusion.
False
Urinary loss of water averages approximately 1-2 L/day.
True
What is normal blood pH?
7.35-7.45
Which organs are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and volume? Select the best answer.
hypothalamus and kidney
Match the compound with its function.
Aldosterone
- Promotes resorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the distal renal tubule.
Match the compound with its function.
Renin
- Released by the kidney when blood pressure and plasma fluid volume are low. Hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to its active form.
Match the compound with its function.
Vasopressin
Released in response to slight increases in extracellular fluid osmolarity. Stimulatesreaborption of water in the kidneys. Increases blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction.
Match the compound with its function.
natriuretic peptides
Released into circulation when extracellular fluid expansion stretches heart muscle. Promote Na+ and water excretion. Decrease plasma volume and lower blood pressure.
Select all the following which are functions of water in the human body.
-maintenance of blood volume
-solvent
-body temperature regulation
-lubrication and protection
A food may be labeled “low sodium” if each serving provides less than what?
140 mg
Select all of the following that are true of chloride deficiency.
-symptoms include metabolic acidosis and convulsions
-can occur with severe vomiting or jejunostomy
Which trace mineral participates in the greatest number of enzyme systems?
Zinc
Which of the following would be appropriate for a person with hemochromotosis? Select the best anwer.
frequent blood donation
In addition to iron deficiency, what other mineral deficiency could lead to hypochromic anemia due to its role in iron oxidation? Select the best answer
Copper
Chronic excessive fluoride intake (fluorosis) is associated with _________________. Select the best answer.
mottled, pitted, porous teeth and increased bone fracture risk
There is no evidence to indicate ionic cobalt is essential in humans.
True
Liquid colloidal silver has been approved for oral ingestion for the treatment of wounds and burns.
False
Molybdenum is an essential nutrient, but deficiency is rare.
True
Liver failure can lead to toxicity of which of the following minerals due altered bile excretion? Choose the best answer.
copper and manganese
What is the primary function of iodine? Select the best answer.
Component of thyroid hormones which stimulate metabolic rate and cellular oxygen consumption.
Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency.
Iodine
goiter (enlarged thyroid)
Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency.
Zinc
abnormal taste, loss of appetite and poor wound healing
Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency.
Iron
anemia, fatigue, pale conjunctiva, koilonychia (spoon-shaped fingernails)
Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency.
Selenium
leukonychia (whitening of the nail bed) and hypopigmentation of hair
Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency.
Copper
skin depigmentation and anemia
Chromium deficiency can cause ______________. Select the best answer.
impaired glucose use and high plasma free fatty acid concentrations
Which nutrient is required by over 2000 transcription factors to bind to the promoter regions of genes to enhance or inhibit transcription?
Zinc
Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport.
Ferritin
iron storage protein
Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport.
Hepcidin
regulatory hormone released when iron stores are high to cause the internalization and degradation of ferroportin
Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport.
Transferrin
carrier protein that can bind 1 or 2 iron atoms for transport in the blood
Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport.
Ferroportin
transports iron out of the enterocyte across the basolateral membrane to the blood
Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport.
divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)
transports iron from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte
Select all of the following that ENHANCE iron absorption.
Meat/Poultry
Acids/Vitamin C
Sugars (Fructose/sorbitol)
Mucin
Ferritin is an acute-phase protein that decreases in chronic inflammatory conditions.
False
Select all the groups that are at risk of iron deficiency.
-adolescent females
-infants and young children
-those with renal disease
-pregnant women
You have a patient with a history of gastric bypass (3 years ago) who has been taking antacids with each meal the last 6 months and high doses of zinc (50 mg/day) since 2020. Which of the following minerals would she be most likely deficient in?
Copper
