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Advanced Nutrition > Advanced Nutrition > Flashcards

Advanced Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

The vitamin D response element (VDRE) and retinoid X receptors are found in

A

the nucleus

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2
Q

People with orange palms need immediate medical attention because it is a sign of lethal levels of vitamin A in the body.

A

False

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3
Q

Deficiency of vitamin A will lead to night blindness. This is due to . . .

A

inability to produce rhodopsin

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4
Q

Which of the following is considered a steroid hormone?

A

Vitamin D

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5
Q

What are the best sources of vitamin E?

A

wheat germ, nuts and seed oils

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6
Q

List 3 conditions that increase risk for fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies.

A

Malabsorption Disorders
Alcoholism
Hepatic dysfunction

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7
Q

Match the vitamin with the lab used to assess adequacy of the nutrient in the body.

vitamin D -
vitamin K -
vitamin A -

A

25(OH)D
prothromibin time (PT)
plasma retinol concentration

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8
Q

Vitamin A deficiency is common in children living in developing countries.

A

True

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9
Q

Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin D

A

muscle weakness, inadequate bone mineralzation

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10
Q

Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin E

A

red blood cell fragility and hemolytic anemia

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11
Q

Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin A

A

Bitots spots, corneal uclerations, folicular hyperkaratosis resembling “goose bumps”

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12
Q

Match the vitamin to it’s deficiency symptoms: Vitamin K

A

prolonged blood clotting, bruising and inadequate bone mineralization

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13
Q

The majority of vitamin A is stored in the LIVER while carotenoids are stored in

A

adipocytes

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14
Q

No tolerable upper limit (UL) has been set for vitamin D because we naturally make large amounts when our skin is exposed to UV light.

A

True

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15
Q

Which of these foods provide the greatest amount of vitamin K per serving?

A

Collard Greens

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16
Q

Select ALL of the following that function as antioxidants.

A

vitamin E
carotenoids
lycopene

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17
Q

Which of the following is the principle function of vitamin E? Select the best answer.

A

protect cell membranes by preventing oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipids

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18
Q

Select ALL of the following that are TRUE of fat-soluble vitamin digestion and absorption..

A

-Most absorption occurs in the duodenum and jejunum.

-Micelles form in the intestinal lumen, then diffuse across the microvilli brush border membrane into the enterocytes.

-Chylomicrons enter the lymph before entering the blood.

Bile is required to emulsify fat globules containing the vitamins.

-Digestion and absorption are greater if the meal contains fat.

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19
Q

Which of the following will enhance magnesium absorption in the small intestine? Select the one best answer.

A

Protein

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20
Q

Select ALL that are true of phosphorus function.

A

-component of hydroxyapatite in bone

-component of nucleotides in RNA and DNA

-component of nucleotides in ATP for energy transfer

-a cell signaling agent through the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation of different proteins

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21
Q

Select ALL that are functions of calcium.

A

-vasorelaxing and membrane-stabilizing effects on smooth muscle.

-regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, glycogen synthase and other enzymes

-blood clotting

-muscle contraction

-nerve transmition

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22
Q

List 3 populations or conditions that put individuals at risk for magnesium deficiency.

A

Kidney Disease
Cardiovascular Disease
Diabetes

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23
Q

Total plasma calcium levels are a good measure of calcium status in the body.

A

False

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24
Q

Parathyroid hormone (PTH) effect on bone causes ______ to release ______.

A
  • osteoclasts
    -calcium
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25
Q

Select ALL of the following that are functions of magnesium.

A

-bone mineralization

-cell membrane stability by binding to phospholipids

-cofactor for >300 enzymatic reactions including beta oxidation, glycolysis and the TCA cycle.

-ATP stability

-promoting glucose uptake

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26
Q

Calcitonin ______ blood calcium by inhibiting _______.

A

-lowers
-Osetoclasts

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27
Q

What is secreted in response to low plasma calcium that acts on the kidney to increase the synthesis of calcitriol, which promotes renal absorption of calcium.

A

parathyroid hormone

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28
Q

Magnesium crosses the bursh boarder membrane of the small intestine through a magnesium channel or by way of paracellular diffusion.

A

True

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29
Q

Which age group has the highest calcium needs?

A

9-18 year olds

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30
Q

Which 2 substances can improve calcium absorption from the intestine? Select the 2 best answers.

A

vitamin D
lactose

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31
Q

Phosphorus balance is achieved largely by what process?

A

renal excretion

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32
Q

Phosphorus absorption takes place in the small intestine, predominantly in the jejunum.

A

True

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33
Q

High levels of IV magnesium are used to treat pre-eclampsia, a serious complication that can develop during pregnancy and lead to high blood pressure.

A

True

34
Q

Which calcium supplemnet does not need to be ingested with food and can be useful in individuals with limited gastric acid production?

A

calcium citrate

35
Q

Where is most magnesium found in the body?

A

bone

36
Q

Which of the following is the primary positively charged electrolyte found in plasma and interstitial fluid? Select the best answer.

A

Sodium

37
Q

Select all of the following that are true of potassium deficiency.

A

-can occur with use of loop diuretics, diarrhea and refeeding syndrome

-symptoms include cardiac arrhythmias and increased urine calcium excretion

38
Q

Approximately how much water is released into the gastrointestinal tract daily as part of secretions

A

7L

39
Q

The movement of water among various body compartments is regulated by the presence of ________? Select the best answer.

A

sodium in the extracellular fluid

40
Q

Which of the following is the primary positively charged intracelluar electrolyte? Select the best answer.

A

Potassium

41
Q

What is normal osmolality of plasma? Select the best answer.

A

280-295 mOsm/kg H2O

42
Q

Where is the majority of water in the gastrointestinal tract absorbed?

A

small intestine

43
Q

An excessive overconsumption of water dilutes the plasma, resulting in hyponatremia.

A

True

44
Q

Which of the following contributes the highest percentage to total body water?

A

intracellular fluid

45
Q

A higher percentage of muscle mass lowers total body water.

A

False

46
Q

What percentage of the glomerular filtrate volume is typically excreted as urine each day?

A

less than 5%

47
Q

The sodium potassium pump ATPase pump is an example of simple diffusion.

A

False

48
Q

Urinary loss of water averages approximately 1-2 L/day.

A

True

49
Q

What is normal blood pH?

A

7.35-7.45

50
Q

Which organs are responsible for regulation of extracellular water osmolarity and volume? Select the best answer.

A

hypothalamus and kidney

51
Q

Match the compound with its function.
Aldosterone

A
  • Promotes resorption of sodium and excretion of potassium in the distal renal tubule.
52
Q

Match the compound with its function.
Renin

A
  • Released by the kidney when blood pressure and plasma fluid volume are low. Hydrolyzes angiotensinogen to its active form.
53
Q

Match the compound with its function.
Vasopressin

A

Released in response to slight increases in extracellular fluid osmolarity. Stimulatesreaborption of water in the kidneys. Increases blood pressure by stimulating vasoconstriction.

54
Q

Match the compound with its function.
natriuretic peptides

A

Released into circulation when extracellular fluid expansion stretches heart muscle. Promote Na+ and water excretion. Decrease plasma volume and lower blood pressure.

55
Q

Select all the following which are functions of water in the human body.

A

-maintenance of blood volume
-solvent
-body temperature regulation
-lubrication and protection

56
Q

A food may be labeled “low sodium” if each serving provides less than what?

A

140 mg

57
Q

Select all of the following that are true of chloride deficiency.

A

-symptoms include metabolic acidosis and convulsions
-can occur with severe vomiting or jejunostomy

58
Q

Which trace mineral participates in the greatest number of enzyme systems?

A

Zinc

59
Q

Which of the following would be appropriate for a person with hemochromotosis? Select the best anwer.

A

frequent blood donation

60
Q

In addition to iron deficiency, what other mineral deficiency could lead to hypochromic anemia due to its role in iron oxidation? Select the best answer

A

Copper

61
Q

Chronic excessive fluoride intake (fluorosis) is associated with _________________. Select the best answer.

A

mottled, pitted, porous teeth and increased bone fracture risk

62
Q

There is no evidence to indicate ionic cobalt is essential in humans.

A

True

63
Q

Liquid colloidal silver has been approved for oral ingestion for the treatment of wounds and burns.

A

False

64
Q

Molybdenum is an essential nutrient, but deficiency is rare.

A

True

65
Q

Liver failure can lead to toxicity of which of the following minerals due altered bile excretion? Choose the best answer.

A

copper and manganese

66
Q

What is the primary function of iodine? Select the best answer.

A

Component of thyroid hormones which stimulate metabolic rate and cellular oxygen consumption.

67
Q

Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency.

Iodine

A

goiter (enlarged thyroid)

68
Q

Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency.

Zinc

A

abnormal taste, loss of appetite and poor wound healing

69
Q

Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency.

Iron

A

anemia, fatigue, pale conjunctiva, koilonychia (spoon-shaped fingernails)

70
Q

Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency.

Selenium

A

leukonychia (whitening of the nail bed) and hypopigmentation of hair

71
Q

Match the nutrient with clinical signs of deficiency.

Copper

A

skin depigmentation and anemia

72
Q

Chromium deficiency can cause ______________. Select the best answer.

A

impaired glucose use and high plasma free fatty acid concentrations

73
Q

Which nutrient is required by over 2000 transcription factors to bind to the promoter regions of genes to enhance or inhibit transcription?

A

Zinc

74
Q

Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport.

Ferritin

A

iron storage protein

75
Q

Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport.

Hepcidin

A

regulatory hormone released when iron stores are high to cause the internalization and degradation of ferroportin

76
Q

Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport.

Transferrin

A

carrier protein that can bind 1 or 2 iron atoms for transport in the blood

77
Q

Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport.

Ferroportin

A

transports iron out of the enterocyte across the basolateral membrane to the blood

78
Q

Match the following term with its role in iron homeostasis and transport.

divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1)

A

transports iron from the intestinal lumen into the enterocyte

79
Q

Select all of the following that ENHANCE iron absorption.

A

Meat/Poultry
Acids/Vitamin C
Sugars (Fructose/sorbitol)
Mucin

80
Q

Ferritin is an acute-phase protein that decreases in chronic inflammatory conditions.

A

False

81
Q

Select all the groups that are at risk of iron deficiency.

A

-adolescent females
-infants and young children
-those with renal disease
-pregnant women

82
Q

You have a patient with a history of gastric bypass (3 years ago) who has been taking antacids with each meal the last 6 months and high doses of zinc (50 mg/day) since 2020. Which of the following minerals would she be most likely deficient in?

A

Copper

Advanced Nutrition (1 decks)

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