Advanced Integumentary/Musculoskeletal Flashcards
1
Q
3 layers skin:
A
epidermis/dermis(sebaceous gland and sudoiriferous glands)/superficial fascia (subcutaneous)
2
Q
many inherited/acquired diseases afflict:
A
the skin
3
Q
skin usually first part of body to display:
A
signs & symptoms if an internal disorder cuz we feel/see/touch our skin lots
4
Q
medical field specializing in integumentary system and physician specializing in dermatology:
A
dermatologist
dermatology
5
Q
result of bacterial infection of sebaceous gland. Evident by numerous open comedones (blackheads) and closed comedones (whiteheads), can appear on face/neck/back/chest. Common adolescents. Caused by rapid growth of sebaceous glands during this period of life.
A
Acne
6
Q
precancerous condition of skin caused by exposure to sunlight. Forms skin lesions due yo overgrowths of epidermis, usually with scaly surfaces.
A
actinic keratosis
actin- radiation ic-pertaining to
kerat-hard osis-condition of
7
Q
genetic condition characterized by reduction of pigment melanin in the skin
A
Albinism
albin- white ism- condition/disease
8
Q
loss/lack of scalp hair is clinical sign known as baldness or ______. Sign if scalp infection/high fever/drug reactions/chemotherapy/emotional stress. Often male pattern baldness in men which is result of genetically controlled factor that preventd development of hair follicles in certain areas of scalp.
A
Alopecia
9
Q
injury to the skin caused by excessive exposure to: fire/electricity/chemicals/sunlight.
A
Burn
10
Q
Extent of burn injury us determined by amount of surface area damaged (TBSA total body surface area) and depth of damage. Is life threatening when:
A
large TBSA is damaged and exposed skin to infection
11
Q
classification if a burn or injury by depth if skin:
A
partial thickness (superficial)
partial thickness (deep)
full thickness (to subcutaneous layer)
12
Q
skin infection. Cluster if furuncles or boils. common source of infection is staphylococci bacteria/latin carbo (live coal refers to hot pain)
A
carbuncle
13
Q
cancerous tumor. melanoma.
A
carcinoma
carcin- cancer oma-tumor
14
Q
tumors arising from epidermis. Usually remain localized, but will spread & become serious if left untreated.
A
basal cell (less dangerous/more common)
squamous cell (can be dangerous)
15
Q
inflammation of lil cells. Inflammation of the connective tissue in the dermis. Caused by infection that spreads from the skin surface or hair follicles to the dermis, and sometimes subcutaneous tissue.
A
cellulitis
cellul - lil cell
itis- inflammation
16
Q
inflammation of lil follicles.
A
folliculitis
follicul-lil follicle
itis-inflammation
17
Q
generalized inflammation of skin:
edema of dermis/pruritis/uritcaria/vesicles/wheals/combo
A
dermatitis
18
Q
edema of dermis
A
swelling
19
Q
pruritis
A
itchy skin
20
Q
urticaria
A
hives
21
Q
vesicles
A
blisters
22
Q
wheals
A
itchy elevation of skin
23
Q
types of dermatitis:
A
contact-physical contact with triggering substance
seborrheic-inherited (excessive sebum)
actinic- exposure to sunlight
24
Q
superficial form of dermatitis also called atopic dermatitis. severe chronic pruritis/deep scaliness
A
Eczema
25
leaking blood vessels in the dermis. Patches of purple-red skin discoloration (purpura), larger than petechiae (small red/purple dots)
ecchymosis
Ec-outside
chym-juice
osis-condition of
26
viral skin eruption produces clusters of deep blisters. Vesicles appear periodically/affecting borders between mucous membranes and skin. Infectious and transferable when vesicles burst open and physical contact occurs
herpes
27
herpes (hsv) has 2 major types:
oral caused by herpes virus type 1
genital caused by herpes virus type 2
28
profuse sweating. Caused by nervous disorder/low blood sugar/thyroid disease.
Hyperhidrosis
hyper-excessive/high/above
hidr-sweat
osis-condition of
29
contagious skin infection.small vesicles usually around lips, caused by bacteria enters a break in skin (animal/insect). Gold crusts then rupture of vesicles.
Impetigo
30
form of skin cancer arising from connective tissue of dermis. Brown/purple patches appear on the skin. Some elder pts. Common condition of Hiv/aids
Kaposi sarcoma
31
older skin becomes lighter cuz of reduced activity of pigment producing skin cells called melanocytes. Means white skin
leukoderma
32
most life threatening skin cancer is malignant melanoma. arises from cells normally providing the pigment melanin to the skin, called melanocytes. Once in skin, tumor grows quickly and metastasizes (spreads elsewhere in the body). Almost half cases come from nevi (moles)
Melanoma
melan-black
oma-tumor
33
nail become buried in skin due to abnormal growth, Ingrown toenail, disease of nail is called onychopathy
onychocryptosis
onycho nail
crypt hidden
osis-condition of
34
nails becoming abnormally soft. Result if calcium/vitamin D deficiency/fungal infection
Onychomalacia
malacia means softening
35
fungal infection of one or more nails.
onycho mycosis
myc-fungus
osis-condition of
36
infection around nail
paronychia
par-alongside abnormal
ia-condition of
37
head lice. Pubic region/scalp/body lice. Small eggs called nits can attach to hair shafts, treat with medicated shampoo
pediculosis
pedicul-body louse
osis-condition of
38
painful chronic disease of skin. Red lesions covered with silvery epidermal scales. auto-immune where body’s own white blood cells attack healthy cells.
Psoriasis
39
female itch mite causing skin eruption burrows in skin to get blood produces symptoms of dermatitis
scabies
40
thickening/hardness of skin. Overproduction of collagen in the dermis.
scleroderma
sclero-hard
41
chronic progressive disease of connective tissue in many organs, including the skin. SLE early stages red patches on skin of face and joint pain,
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
42
fungal infection of skin. Ringworm cuz of ring shaped pattern on skin.
Tinea
43
3 forms of tinea:
capitis- scalp and can cause alopecia
pedis-foot athletes foot
corporis-elsewhere on body
44
fungal infection of hair
trichomycosis
tricho-hair
myc/fungus
osis-condition of
45
hypo secretion of oil glands causing abnormally dry skin. (Inherited)
xeroderma
xero-dry
a-singular
46
minor surgery to remove tissue for evaluation. Make dx of suspected tumor of skin.
biopsy
47
procedure to clean skin thats contacted with a dirty object. Involves surgical removal of a foreign matter and unwanted tissue,
debridement
48
cosmetic surgery using abrasives similar to sandpaper to remove unwanted scars, tattoos, and other elevations. Alternative is chemical peel. Which removes outer epidermal layers.
dermabrasion
49
dermabrasion is used to treat:
acne/wrinkles/sundamage
50
abras-
rub away
51
-ion
process
52
autograft. surgical procedure to improve healing to large areas of skin like burns, uses pt’s skin as graft after it has grown in s media solution.,
dermatoautoplasty
auto-self
plasty-surgical repair
53
skin graft from another persons skin
dermatoheteroplasty
54
instrument cuts thin slices of skin for grafting. removes skin lesions. used for dermatoautoplasty.
dermatome
-tome cutting instrument
55
procedure where skin tissue us transplanted to body surface. General teem for surgical procedure of skin.
dermatoplasty
56
chemical agent that softens/smooths skin. Topical/oral antibiotics manage infections such as acne/carbuncles. Retinoids may be used to manage certain forms of acne cuz they slough away upper layers of epidermis, Ultraviolet light therapy is another treatment
Emollient
57
surgical removal of skin wrinkles.
rhytidectomy
rhytid means wrinkle
58
plastic surgery is skin treatment used to repair skin:
after major surgery
correction of congenital defect
cosmetic improvement
59
surgical removal of subcutaneous fat by inserting device that vacuums fat tissue out of body.
liposuction
60
skeletal & muscular system diseases are often a result of:
injury
infections
tumor development
endocrine disease
inherited disorders
61
field of medicine focusing on skeletal:/muscular disease is:
orthopedics and physician is orthopedist
62
causes dwarfism. abnormally short limbs and stature. 80% caused by random mutation of genes b4 birth. 20% inherited.
achondroplasia
a-without/absence of
chondr/o-cartilage
-plasia formation/growth
63
abnormal adhesion of 2 bones. damages joint structure between em.
ankylosis
ankyl crooked
osis- condition of
64
abbrev AS. condition affects 2 + bones of the vertebral column. causes rigid spine.
ankylosing spondylitis
spondylitis- inflammation of vertebrae
65
general disorder inflammation/degeneration of a joint. Literally means joint inflammation.
arthritis
Arthr- joint
66
2 forms of arthritis:
osteoarthritis (OA)-aging/wearing of joint structures gradually replaced by bone
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)-auto/immune/joint structures erode by actions of the body’s white blood cells
67
articular cartilage in synovial joints become inflamed. joint paint during movements. temporary usually caused by localized infection.
arthrochondritis
arthr- joint
chondr- cartilage
Itis-inflammation
68
abnormal enlargement of the joint the base of the big toe. caused by inflammation of the bur near big toe.
bunion
69
causes of bunions:
inherited foot deformity
injury to foot
narrow/tight shoes
arthritis
stress on foot
70
inflammation of bursa. Moveable joints (articular joints) surrounded by bursa sacs. Occurs when bursa sacs become irritated/inflamed and cause arthritic joint pain
bursitis
burs-purse/sace, bursa
71
calcium deposit within bursa, often surgically removed. confirmed with x-ray.
bursolith
burs/o-purse/sac
lith-stones
72
inflammation if wrist (tenosynovitis). pressure against median nerve. local pain and restricted movement. CTS. common injury for ppl workin at home computers for extended periods of time.
carpal tunnel syndrome
73
weakness of wrist. results in difficulty Supporting the hand. wrist drop.
carpoptosis
carpo- wrist
ptosis- drooping
74
painful/involuntary muscular contractions causing pain: often occur in stomach wall or thigh muscle after strenuous exercise
cramps
75
general term disease of joint. cartilage undergoes degeneration. DJD. progressive disease. articular cartilage degrades and replaced by bone. arthritis is common form of DJD.
Degenerative joint disease
76
disease causing skeletal muscle degeneration. results in progressive muscle weakness & deterioration. DMD. one of 9 forms of muscular dystrophy. No cure
duchenne muscular dystrophy
77
inflammation of small bony elevations on humerus, near elbow joint: due to injury usually
epicondylitis
epi-up/upon over
condyl- knuckle of a joiny
78
disease of unknown origin: widespread pain of musculoskeletal structure of limbs/face/trunk. possible form of autoimmune disease triggered by infections or injury
Fibromyalgia
fibr/o- means fiber
my- muscle
algia- condition of pain
79
break in bone clinical term: most common are simple or closed (not visible from skin), open or compound: part of bone visibly penetrated thru skin causing bleeding. open has higher risk of infection.
Fracture
80
form of arthritis: causes injury to the joints. experience sharp pain in joints of toes, especially big toe. aggravated by diet high in protein, disorder is caused by abnormal accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints (waste products of protein metabolism)
gout
81
rupture of intervertebral disk (joint between 2 adjacent vertebrae of spine) causes pressure against spinal cord causes back pain. back injury often caused by: sudden movement/attempt to lift a heavy object. (Protrusion if the disk’s gelatinous center, nucleus pulposus often pushes into the spinal cord or nerves)
herniated disk
82
spinal deformity. occurs when upper thoracic curve bends posteriorly. causes abnormal hump at the upper back. Often accompanies osteoporosis
kyphosis
kyph- hump
osis- condition of
83
exaggerated anterior spinal curve in the lumbar area.
lordosis
lord- bent forward
osis- condition of
84
lateral curve of the spine with congenital origin (present at birth) usually in the thoracic or lumbar regions.
scoliosis
scoli- curved
osis- condition of
85
spinal disfigurements:
kyphosis-humpback upper thoracic curve bends posteriorly (outward)
lordosis-(inward) exaggerated anterior curve in the lumbar region
scoliosis-lateral curvature
86
congenital disease (present at birth) where excessive cartilage forms at the epiphyseal plates (growth plates). Forming abnormally long limbs, tall, thin body form. heart valves are also deformed; resulting in valvular heart disease.
marfans syndrome
87
inflammation of the meniscus causing joint paint. Meniscus is crescent-shaped band of cartilage, supports certain joints. (Knee/shoulder)
meniscitis
menisc-mensicus
88
3 terms to describe pus
suppuration
purulence
pyogenesis
89
common ulcer arising from lack of movement when lying supine for an extended period of time (bed sore)
decubitus
90
ex-
outside
91
par-
alongside/abnormal
92
actin/o
radiation
93
aden/o
gland
94
albin/o
white
95
carcin/o
cancer
96
cellul/o
little cell
97
chym/o
juice
98
crypt/o
hidden
99
derm/o dermat/o
skin
100
follicul/o
little follicle
101
hidr/o
sweat
102
kerat/o
hard
103
leuk/o
white
104
melan/o
black
105
myc/o
fungus
106
onych/o
nail
107
pedicul/o
body louse
108
scler/o
hard
109
trich/o
hair
110
xer/o
dry
111
-a
singular
112
-ia
condition of
113
-ic
pertaining to
114
-ism
condition or disease
115
-itis
inflammation
116
-malacia
softening
117
-oma
tumor
118
-osis
condition of
119
-pathy
disease
120
-rrhea
discharge
121
is the most common skin disease of adolescence cauzed by rapid growth of sebaceous glands during this period of life
acne
122
alopecia greek alopex meaning fox which refers to form of hair loss called
mange
123
TBSA
total body surface area
124
eczema is a superficial form of dermatitis also called:
atopic dermatitis
125
latin for scabby eruption:
impetigo
126
abras/o
rub away
127
aut/o
self
128
rhytid/o
wrinkle
129
-ion
process of
130
-plasty
surgical repair
131
-tome
cutting instrument
132
skin graft using another person:
dermatoheteroplasty or
allograft
133
BCC
basal cell carcinoma
134
HSV
herpes simplex virus
135
bx
biopsy
136
SLE
systemic lupus erythematosus
137
SqCCa
squamous cell carcinoma
138
muscles are attached to bones by dense bands called
tendons
139
ROM
range of motion
140
ACL
anterior cruciate ligament that stabilizes knee joint
141
a-
without/absence of
142
epi-
upon over above on top
143
para-
alongside/abnormal
144
poly-
excessive
145
quadri-
four
146
ankyl/o
crooked
147
arthr/o
joint
148
burs/o
purse sac bursa
149
carcin/o
cancer
150
carp/o
wrist
151
chondr/o
cartilage
152
condyl/o
knuckle of a joint
153
fibr/o
fiber
154
kyph/o
hump
155
leuk/o
white
156
lith/o
stone
157
lord/o
bent forward
158
menisc/o
meniscus
159
my/o myos/o
muscle
160
myel/o
bone marrow
161
oste/o
bone
162
myel/o
bone marrow
163
por/o
hole
164
sarc/o
flesh/meat
165
scoli/o
curved
166
spondyl/o
vertebra
167
synov/o synovi/o
synovial
168
ten/o tendon/o
stretch/tendon
169
-algia
condition of pain
170
-asthenia
weakness
171
-cele
hernia/swelling/protrusion
172
-emia
condition of blood
173
-genesis
origin/cause
174
-itis
inflammation
175
-malacia
softening
176
-oma
tumor
177
-osis
condition of
178
-plasia
formation/growth
179
-plegia
paralysis
180
-ptosis
drooping
181
progressive changes of rheumatoid arthritis:
1. Inflammation of synovial membrane
2. Progressive inflammation and beginning cartilage destruction
3. Complete loss of synovial membrane
4. Complete joint loss
182
progressive failure of muscles to respond to nerve stimulation. Means serious muscle weakness.
myasthenia gravis
gravis serious
myasthenia muscle weakness
183
red bone marrow is site of blood cell formation. malignant tumor associate with this tissue is ______ . Arises when type of white blood cell called plasma cell undergoes mutation to form tumor that first appears in red bone marrow.
myeloma
184
muscle is surrounded by layer of tough connective tissue known as fascia. An injury to a muscle may cause muscle to tear through the fascia causing protrustion called:
myocele
myo-muscle
cele- hernia swelling protrusion
185
common result of muscle injury is a local inflammation known as:
myositis
186
injured or exposed to infection, bone tissue often responds to inflammation:
osteoitis
187
results in bone deformities due to failure of bone remodeling which is balance between bone loss and bone deposition. bone pain and frequent fractures. Environmental and genetic factors.
osteitis deformans
188
inherited disease resulting in impaired bone growth and fragile bones is called _____ progressive leads to severe bone paon, skeletal deformities and frequent fractures
osteogenesis imperfecta
“Imperfect bone development”
189
Disease resulting in softening of bones usually due to hormonal imbalance resulting in gradual loss of calcium from bone tissue:
osteomalacia
190
inflammation of red bone marrow painful disease called ______ usually caused by bacterial infection
osteomyelitis
“Inflammation of bone marrow and bone”
191
abnormal loss of bone density is common result of aging among postmenopausal women. Results in loss of posture/flexibility and increase risk of fractures:
osteoporosis
“Condition of holes in bone”
192
2 forms of malignant bone cancers:
osteosarcoma
leukemia
193
bone cancer arising from connective tissue usually within bone. Aggressive striking mostly young and middle teens.
osteosarcoma
194
malignant bone cancer arising from cells of the red bone marrow named cuz if high levels of deformed white blood cells in a blood sample:
leukemia
195
form of paralysis where there is a loss of sensation or voluntary movement of the area of body below hips including both legs:
paraplegia
196
paralysis of all four limbs without sensation or voluntary movement:
quadraplegia
197
inflammation of many muscles. Auto-immune body white blood cells attack healthy muscle tissue.
polymyositis
198
children with long term Vitamin D deficiency or calcium in diet may exhibit bow legs and growth retardation. in countries with widespread malnitrition. Skeletal deformities bone softening.
rickets
greek rhakitis means spine
199
rotator cuff is a combination of 4 muscles and there tendons that surround and stabilize the shoulder joint:
teres minor
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
subscapularis
Trauma to the shoulder can tear tendons and muscles resulting in rotator cuff injury cauze inflammation pain join dislocation
200
trauma to vertebral column may result in ____ causing paralysis of areas of body below vertebral level of injury
spinal cord injury (SCI)
201
inflammation of joints of vertebrae. General term for inflammatory disease of joints and their associated tendons and ligaments. Most common symptom low back pain
spondylarthritis
Example is ankylosing spondylitis
202
tear of collagen fibers within a ligament usually caused by stretching ligament beyond its normal range without warming up or slowly strethxing before exercise;
sprain
203
similar to sprain but involving muscle . Usually caused by stretching a muscle beyond its normal range. Muscle tissue tearing and resulting capillary damage often cause a bruise
strain
204
frequent dislocations of temporomandibular joint making it difficult and painful to move the jaw during speaking and chewing
TMJ temporomandibular joint disease
205
inflammation of tendon common sports injury. Ex occurs when damage caused by throwing ball without warming up known as rotator cuff _____
tendonitis
206
form of tendonitis that includes inflammation of synovial membrane surrounding the joint.
Tenosynovitis
207
type of fracture that involves break at ankle affecting both bones of leg:
Pott’s
208
break in distal part of radius (forarm) common in children
Colles’
209
slight break in bone appears as slight fissure in xray
greenstick
210
break resulting in fragmentation of bone
comminuted
211
spiral shaped break caused by twisting stresses along the shaft
spiral
212
crushed break in vertebra often due to impact or fall
compression
213
break along transverse plane of bone shaft
transverse
214
fracture caused by a disease process weakening the bone
pathological
215
arthr/o
joint
216
chir/o
hand
217
cost/o
Rib
218
chondr/o
cartilage
219
crani/o
skull/cranium
220
electr/o
electricity
221
fasci/o
fascia
222
lamin/o
thin, lamina
223
my/o
muscle
224
orth/o
straight
225
oste/o
bone
226
pod/o
foot
227
spondyl/o
vertebra
228
syn/o
connect
229
ten/o
stretch/tendon
230
vertebr/o
vertebra
231
-centesis
surgical puncture
232
-clasia - clasis
break apart
233
-desis
surgical fixation/fusion
234
-gram
record or image
235
-graphy
recording process
236
-iatry
treatment speciality
237
-ist
one who specializes in
238
-lysis
loosen/dissolve
239
-pathy
disease
240
-plasty
surgical repair
241
-rraphy
suturing
242
-scope
instrument for viewing
243
-scopy
process of viewing
244
-tic
pertaining to
245
-tomy
incision/to cut
246
in a procedure called _____ excess fluids are aspirated through suction of a surgical puncture into the synovial cavity of the joint.
arthrocentesis
247
when an abnormally stiff joint must be broken during surgery to increase range of motion.
arthroclasia
248
surgical fixation of a joint
arthrodesis
249
prior to joint surgery. It is common to obtain an x-ray of the joint after injection of contrast, media air or both tired like the synovial joint the images print it on film or record digitally. It is called:
arthrogram
250
During an _____ a joint is loosened of abnormal restrictions, such as calcium deposits, and bursoliths
arthrolysis
251
Procedure to repair a joint refers to a joint replacement, most common, which is a knee replacement
arthroplasty
252
Visual examination of a joint cavity uses an instrument that integrates fiber, optics, live action, photography and computer enhancement, known as:
arthroscopy
253
surgical incision into the synovial cavity of a joint is known as:
arthrotomy
254
surgery involving the removal of a bursa from the joint:
bursectomy
255
Field of therapy centred on manipulation of bones and joints more commonly the vertebral column is known as:
chiropractic
256
Surgical, excision, or removal of cartilage associated with a joint is a common procedure known as ____surgery commonly uses arthroscopy to reduce the size of the incision and improve the surgeon view
chondrectomy
257
surgical repair of cartilage associated with a joint
chondroplasty
258
surgical removal of a rib
costectomy
259
one or more bones of cranium undergoing repair during surgery.
cranioplasty
260
when performing surgery of the brain _______ is required by cutting an opening through cranium
craniotomy
261
A surgical procedure used to reduce pain of a herniated disc by surgically removing the intervertebral disc
diskectomy
262
Adjacent vertebrae are fused together, following the removal of the disc has two terms
Spinal fusion
Spondylosyndesis
263
Part of the vertebrae known as the laminas surgically removed to relieve pressure on the spinal cord also helps treat a herniated disc
Laminectomy
264
Strength of a muscle contraction can be measured and recorded by a procedure called ______ it uses an instrument that electrically stimulate muscle, and the resulting contraction is recorded and analyze on a computer
Electromyography EMG
265
Surgical incision into the connective tissue sheath surrounding a muscle call fascia is known:
fasciotomy
266
Orthopaedic surgeons, orthopedist, treat, fractures by Illenium, the broken bones to the normal positions in a procedure, known as ______ which means bringing back to normal
reduction
267
manipulating the bone without surgery during reduction is known as
Closed fracture reduction
268
If surgical intervention is needed to line and stabilize the broken area, the procedure is called
Open fracture reduction, where they use pins and screws rods and plates inserted to stabilize the alignment
269
Pin screws Rods or plates used to stabilize a fracture is known as
internal fixation (external fixation, metal rods and pins are attached from outside the skin surface, while external fixation carries the advantage of avoiding the use of a plaster cast for immobilization the normal healing processes, impeded bone, grafting, or electrical phone simulation may be applied to stimulate the healing process)
270
Muscle tear during a serious injury, requiring surgical intervention to promote healing during this procedure on muscle undergo surgical repair the repair:
Myoplasty
271
Myoplasty repair often include suturing the torn muscle together in a procedure, known as:
myorraphy
272
most common pharmacological treatment for any condition, including inflammation, or pain of muscle or bone tissue is the use of:
NSAIDs it’s also called nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Examples of these are aspirin and ibuprofen.
273
Field of medical support involving the construction and feeding of orthopaedic appliances, such as lifts, artificial limbs, and retraction devices to assist a patient is known as
Orthotics
274
A specialist in orthotics is called an orthotist the medical term for an artificial limb is:
Prosthesis “to place in addition”
275
surgical removal excision of bone tissue performed to remove unwanted, boney formations:
Ostectomy
276
it becomes necessary to break a bone in some cases to correct a defect or an improperly healed fracture. This procedure is called:
Osteoclasis “ break apart”
277
Medical field that emphasizes the relationship between the musculoskeletal system, and overall health with an emphasis on body alignment and nutrition is called
Osteopathy
Physician is osteopathic surgeon DO
278
Surgical repair of bone is a general procedure known as:
Osteoplasty
279
Greek word for foot is podos. when the combining form of this Greek word is combined with iatry which means treatment or specialty. It means the specialty that focusses on foot health:
podiatry
podiatrist
280
common treatment for most internal injuries of the musculoskeletal system, such as sprains and strains, is often called by the popular acronym:
R rest
I ice
C compression
E elevation
281
some injuries involve damage to both the muscle and it’s associated tendon surgical procedure involving the repair of both muscle and tendon it’s called:
tenomyoplasty
282
Stepping into a hole in following can cause serious injury to the calcaneal tendon of the ankle, this tendon also known as the Achilles tendon attaches the powerful calf muscles to the large heel bone calcaneus. If it tears mobility of the affected leg becomes impossible until surgical intervention, corrects injury surgery is called:
Tenorrhaphy involve suturing of a tendon to close a tear
283
A tenorraphy often includes the procedure where one or more incisions are made, and do a tendon called:
tenotomy
284
surgical procedure that repairs damage or disease vertebrae is called:
Vertebroplasty
285
ACL
Anterior cruciate ligament ligament that stabilizes the knee joint
286
AS
ankylosing spondylitis
287
CTS
Carpal tunnel syndrome
288
DJD
Degenerative joint disease
289
DMD
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
290
DO
Physicians specializing in osteopathy
291
EMG
Electromyography
292
HNP
Herniated nucleus pulposus
a herniated intervertebral disc
293
MG
myasthenia gravis
294
NSAIDs
Nonsteroidal, anti-inflammatory drugs
295
OA
osteoarthritis 
296
Ortho
Orthopaedics
297
RA
Rheumatoid arthritis
298
ROM
Range of motion
299
SCI
Spinal cord injury
300
THR
Total hip replacement
301
TKA
Total knee arthroplasty
302
TKR
Total knee replacement
303
TMJ
Temporomandibular joint disease
304
vertebrae:
C1 - C7-7 cervical
T1-T12- 12 thoracic
L1-L5- 5 lumbar
