Advanced Information Flashcards

1
Q

How changes in concentration affect the rates of reaction

A

1) Use measuring cylinder, add 50 cm3 of dilute sodium thiosulfate solution to a conical flask
2) Place the conical flask on a printed black cross
3) Add 10 cm3 of dilute hydrochloric acid to the conical flask
4) Swirl flask and start a stopwatch
4) Look down through the reaction mixture
5) When cross is no longer seen stop stopwatch
6) Repeat experiment with lower concentrations of sodium thiosulfate
7) Repeat whole experiment 3 times and calculate mean leaving out anomalies

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2
Q

Test for hydrogen

A

Lighted splint “pops”

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3
Q

Test for oxygen

A

Glowing splint relights

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4
Q

Test for carbon dioxide

A

Limewater turns milky

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5
Q

Test for chlorine

A

Damp blue litmus paper turns white

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6
Q

How to remember flame test colours?

A

Let’s / Corn Lithium. / Crimson
Call / OR Calcium. / Orange-red
Pigs / Lemons Potassium. / Lilac
Crazy / Give Copper. / Green
So / Yellow Sodium. / Yellow

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7
Q

Calculate the rate of reaction

A

Draw tangent

Up / Bottom = gradient

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8
Q

Methods to measure rate of reactions?

A

1) decreasing volume of gas given off = conical flask on balance with cotton wool at top, gas escapes through cotton wool, see mass decrease on scale
2) increasing volume of gas given = conical flask with mixture releasing gas, gas syringe fills gives you mass change
3) solution turns cloudy = x spot paper under flask, x spot disappears…

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9
Q

Equation to calculate mean rate of reaction

A

Quantity of reactant used / time

Quantity of product formed / tine

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10
Q

Rule with exothermic and endothermic in reversible reactions

A

Forward is exothermic, so reverse is endothermic

Forward is endothermic, so reverse is exothermic

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11
Q

La Chatelier’s Principle

A

Whatever you do to the forward reaction, the reverse reaction will do the opposite

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12
Q

Pressure in equilibrium

A

Equilibrium shifts to reduce pressure
Increase pressure = shifts to the side with fewer moles (shift to right in eg)
Decrease pressure = shifts to side with more moles (shift to left in eg)
E.g. 2NO <=> NO (only looking at big numbers)

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13
Q

Crude oil

A

Finite resource
Found in rocks
Liquid
Mixture of different hydrocarbons separated using fractional distillation by their different boiling points

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14
Q

Alkane general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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15
Q

Number of carbon atoms in prefixes

A
CH4 = meth
C2H6 = eth
C3H8 = prop
C4H10 = but
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16
Q

Trend in properties in short chained hydrocarbons

A

Lower boiling point
Higher volatility (turn into gas)
Very runny
Higher flammability

17
Q

Trend in properties in long chained hydrocarbons

A

Higher boiling point
Lower volatility (turn into gas)
Thick liquid
Lower flammability

18
Q

Fractional distillation of crude oils method

A

1) heated crude oil enters bottom of fractionating column as hot vapour
(hot at the bottom and cooler at the top)
2) gases move up column
3) hydrocarbons condense when reach boiling points
4) different fractions collected as liquids at different levels
Short hydrocarbons at top and long hydrocarbons at bottom

19
Q

Cracking

A

Large hydrocarbon molecules broken up into smaller useful ones by passing vapours over a hot catalyst or by mixing with steam and heating them to high temperatures
Produces saturated hydrocarbons

20
Q

Positive test for an unsaturated hydrocarbon

A

Orange bromine water turns colourless

21
Q

Complete combustion

A

Carbon and hydrogen oxidised completely when burnt

Products of the hydrocarbon are CO2 and H2O

22
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

Produces carbon monoxide = toxic

23
Q

Earth’s early atmosphere mainly contained

A

Ammonia
CO2
H2O
Methane

24
Q

Oxygen formation in atmosphere

A

Bacteria and simple organisms evolved (e.g. algae)
Algae photosynthesised
Oxygen levels rise
More plants evolved

25
Q

What we use raw materials for

A

Crude oil = petrol, polymers
Metal ores = extract metals
Limestone = cement, concrete

26
Q

What happens to the gases that rainwater dissolves?

A

Air falls onto ground
Comes in contact with land
Dissolve soluble substances as it passes over them
Water from natural sources contain dissolved minerals and microorganisms from soil and decaying matter
Unsafe

27
Q

Collecting fresh water

A

Rainwater seeps down through soil and rocks to aquifers

Drill and pipe down to form water well in aquifers

28
Q

NPK Fertilisers

A

Crops need phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen
NPK fertiliser contains all these “micro-nutrients”
Nitrogen = comes from the haber process
Phosphorus = mined, treated with acids to form ammonium nitrate/ammonium sulfate
Potassium = potassium salts mined form ground

29
Q

How is phosphate rock treated?

A

With nitric acid = produce phosphoric acid and calcium nitrate, then phosphoric acid is neutralised to produce ammonium phosphate
With sulfuric acid = single superphosphate made of calcium phosphate and calcium sulfate
With phosphoric acid = triple superphosphate made of calcium phosphate

30
Q

The Haber Process

A

1) nitrogen (extracted from the air) and hydrogen (obtained from natural gas) are pumped through pipes
2) pressure of mixture of gases is increased to 200 atmospheres
3) pressurised gases heated to 450°C and passed through a tank containing an iron catalyst
4) the reaction mixture is cooled so that ammonia liquefies and can be removed
5) unreacted nitrogen and hydrogen are recycled