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FINALS FALL 2016 > Advanced Imaging Modalities > Flashcards

Advanced Imaging Modalities Flashcards

1
Q

Breast cancer is the ___ leading cause of death

A

2nd

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2
Q

1 in ___ women will develop breast CA

A

8

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3
Q

Breast cancer has very little subject contrast so ____ kV is utilized to demonstrate _____ scale, _____ contrast image and to enhance ________________

A

Low
Short
High
Microcalcifications

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4
Q

Avg. kV used for breast imaging

A

23-28

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5
Q

Risk factors of breast cancer…

A 
Age
Family hx
Genetics
Dense breast tissue
Early menstruation 
Late menopause
Prolonged use of Estrogen
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6
Q

Baseline age for screening

A

40 then yearly after 50

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7
Q

How often should you do a self breast exam?

A

Monthly

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8
Q

Should you perform a screening on asymptomatic patients?

A

Yes

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9
Q

What kind of test do you perform on symptomatic patients?

A

Diagnostic

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10
Q

Normal breast are composed of what 3 tissues?

A

Fibrous
Glandular
Adipose

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11
Q

What tissue is most sensitive to cancer?

A

Glandular

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12
Q

____% of cancer is ductal and may have micro-calcifications present

A

80

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13
Q

Majority of breast cancer develops in the ______, ______ quadrant

A

Upper

Lateral

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14
Q

Mamm units typically use __________ as a target and filter.

They may also use Rhodium

A

Molybdenum

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15
Q

Mamm tubes usually have a small FS (____) and large FS (____) to enhance _______.

A

0.1 mm
0.3 mm
Spatial resolution/detail

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16
Q

Cathode is usually positioned over the chest wall to enhance…

A

Anode Heel Effect

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17
Q

Under NO circumstances is total beam filtration less than _____ Al equivalent

A

0.5

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18
Q

Compression immobilizes breast, provides uniform thickness, ______ scatter, ______ OID, ________ tissues, and _______ radiation dose

A

Reduces
Decreases
Thinner
Reduced

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19
Q

Most mamm units are a moving _____ or _____ grid

A

4: 1
5: 1

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20
Q

A _______ Grid is used specifically in mamms

A

HTC (High Transmission Cellular)

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21
Q

AEC in mamm unit sensors after IR to ______ OID and _____ spatial resolution

A

Minimize

Improve

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22
Q

True or false: Mamm units can have single or multiple detectors?

A

True

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23
Q

__________ is used frequently to enhance small lesions

A

Magnification

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24
Q

Avg. glandular dose (mRad/view)

A

200 mRad/view

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25
Q

Angiography

A

Study of vessels

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26
Q

Arteriography

A

Study of arteries

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27
Q

Technique involving insertion of 18-gauge hollow needle with stylet into femoral artery to allow insertion of guidewire and catheter into circulatory system

A

Seldinger

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28
Q

_______ allows safe introduction of catheter into vessel

A

Guidewire so

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29
Q

Once catheter is in place, ______ is removed so that contrast can be injected

A

Guidewire

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30
Q

Guidewires are categorized by (4)

A

Length
Configuration of tip
Stiffness of wire
Coating

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31
Q

What kind of coating is used for guidewire and why

A

Hydrophilic so it is resistant to thrombus

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32
Q

Catheters diameter is identified by ________ Size

A

French

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33
Q

_____ catheters have side holes to avoid whiplash effect

A

Pigtail

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34
Q

Water soluble non-ionic iodine is injected into the catheter and is _____ for patients

A

Safer

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35
Q

Does water soluable non ionic iodine contain iodine?

A

Yes

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36
Q

What should be performed before an exam?

A 
History and prev.
Allergies
IV
BP
EKG
Pulse Ox.
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37
Q

Injection site must be _____ after exam to avoid bleeding

A

Compressed

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38
Q

Injection site must be inspected for ________ formation

A

Hematoma

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39
Q

Can apply “____ _____” to control bleeding

A

Star Close

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40
Q

Most common risk of IV Radiography

A

Bleeding at injection site

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41
Q

Risks of IV radiograph (5)

A 
Bleeding at injection site
Contrast reaction
Kidney failure
Blood clot formation
Penetration of vessel
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42
Q

RT may be ___ registered during IV Radiography

A

CIT

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43
Q

Should have a ______ and ____ in room during IV Rad. Procedures

A

Radiologist

Nurse

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44
Q

How many film badges should you wear for IV Radiography

A

2

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45
Q

For IV Rad. Use a Fluor c-arm with a FS of _____mm with a ___ phase, ____ pulse generator for rapid exposures

A

0.3
3
12

46
Q

IV Rad tables have “stepping” device to take images from _________ to _____ after injection

A

Abdomen

Feet

47
Q

Was first used by military during WWII to locate submarines

A

Ultrasound

48
Q

Returning echoes seen as dots in a line, used with Real-Time

A

B-Mode display (brightness)

49
Q

Used when assessing fetal heart tones

A

M-Mode Display (Motion)

50
Q

Can image moving structures and is capable of Doppler (3D in real time is 4D)

A

Real-Time display

51
Q

_________ sends out sound waves and received echos to create image (only receives less than 2% back)

A

Transducer

52
Q

Forward movement of sound waves

A

Compression

53
Q

Backward movement of sound waves

A

Rarefaction

54
Q

Medical US devices use sound waves in range of _____ MHz

A

1-20

55
Q

Use low-frequency for imagining _______ structures

A

Deeper

56
Q

Never stops being emitted; used in therapeutic PT because it produces heat in tissues to increase blood supply and help healing

A

Continuous sound waves

57
Q

Pulse/echo; used for diagnostic US

A

Pulsed sound waves

58
Q

Amount of echo returned to transducer is determined by

A

Acoustic Impedance

59
Q

Determines resistance a material has to oncoming sound waves

A

Acoustic Impedance

60
Q

Air containing organs (ex: lungs) have _____ acoustic impedance and dense organs (ex: bone) have _____ acoustic impedance

A

Low

High

61
Q

If 2 tissues have identical acoustic impedance, _____ echo is generated

A

No

62
Q

Cause of incorrect localization of a structure on an US image; most prominent at fat/soft tissue interfaces

A

Refraction

63
Q

Change in direction of sound transmission after hitting interface of 2 different tissues

A

Refraction

64
Q

Most widely recognized refraction artifact at junction of….

A

Fetus abdominis muscles and abdominal wall fat

65
Q

Fluid contained structures attenuate sound much less than solid structures so strength of sound pules is _____ after passing through fluid

A

Greater

66
Q

Full bladder required for pelvic US to use as acoustic window and ______ pelvic organs

A

Elevate

67
Q

US uses 2 planes when scanning….

A

Longitudinal

Transverse

68
Q

Scan head placed so mark on transducer is pointing towards head

A

Longitudinal

69
Q

Scan head placed so mark is pointing towards patients right side

A

Transverse

70
Q

Uses magnetic properties of hydrogen to produce body image

A

MRI

71
Q

What does MRI stand for?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

72
Q

Uses Gadolinium as a contrast medium

A

MRI

73
Q

3 main components of MRI

A

Main magnet
Radiofrequency subsystem
Gradient coil subsystem

74
Q

Magnetic field strengths are measured in units of ____ and ____.

A

Gauss (G)

Tesla (T)

75
Q

The higher the field strength of an MR system, the ____ the tissue is magnetized and the ____ the available signal from tissues being imaged

A

Greater

Greater

76
Q

Use liquid helium to cool magnet - used most often in clinical systems today

A

Superconducting magnets

77
Q

Outside magnetic signals that can interfere with MRI. Machine usually shielded with iron to decrease this.

A

Fringe Field

78
Q

RF shielding is used to protect equipment from outside ____ ___ ______.

A

Radio wave interface

79
Q

MR signal is ______ proportional to strength of external field

A

Directly

80
Q

Increased ____ is a major advantage of a higher-field-strength magnet

A

SNR

81
Q

Periodic (Respiratory and Cardiac) Motion can be compensated by ______ and _____ and “_____” the scan to coordinate with motion

A

Monitoring
Detecting
Gating

82
Q

Rate of wobbling or precession

A

Resonance or Larmor Frequency

83
Q

“Spin-lattice” relaxation

A

T1 Relaxation

84
Q

“Spin-spin” relaxation

A

T2 Relaxation

85
Q

The “antenna” of MRI system

A

Radiofrequency (RF) Coils

86
Q

Simplest type of coils

A

Surface Coils

87
Q

Knee coils

A

Paired Saddle Coil

88
Q

2 parallel coils

A

Helmholtz Pail Coil

89
Q

Provides best RF homogeneity

A

Bird Cage Coil

90
Q

Used to produce deliberate variations in main magnetic field (Bo)

A

Gradient Coils

91
Q

Decreasing FOV improves ______.

A

Resolution

92
Q

Screening of all patients and employees is ______. (Ex: metals, pacemakers, implants, etc.)

A

CRITICAL

93
Q

Detects subtle increases in blood flow associated with activation of parts of the brain

A

fMRI (Functional MRI)

94
Q

Children are very prone to ______ so cover them up when possible and only open isolette/incubator as needed

A

Hypothermia

95
Q

Always record information in _____ _____ ___ if someone stays in to hold a child

A

Human Holder Log

96
Q

4 things to document in a human holder log entry

A

Pt name
Holder name
Exam date/type
Pregnancy & pb info

97
Q

Don’t park children near ___ of department

A

Exits

98
Q

Can hold infant for CXR

A

Pigg-O-Stat

Or mummy style sheet immobilizers

99
Q

Campaign concerned with reducing pediatric radiation dose

A

Image Gently Campaign

100
Q

3 things to do if abuse if suspected

A

Notify ER
Social services
Physician

101
Q

Often mistaken for child abuse; children suffer from multiple fxs

A

Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI)

102
Q

Currently 1 out of __ people are “geriatric” (over 65) - anticipate 1 out of __ by 2030. Burdened by chronic disease

A

8

5

103
Q

Overmedication from multiple prescriptions

A

Polypharmacy

104
Q

How to avoid polypharmacy

A

Take all prescriptions to same pharmacy

105
Q

___% of people over age 85 are thought to have Alzheimer’s Disease

A

50

106
Q

_______ is a common issue with geriatric patients

A

Depression

107
Q

___-pitched voices are easier to hear

A

Low

108
Q

Dislocation is popular after hip replacement so ___ adduct the operative leg

A

Do NOT

109
Q

Decubitus Ulcer (bed sore) can form in __ hours so check their position often

A

2

110
Q

1 out of __ seniors may experience abuse

A

20

FINALS FALL 2016 (2 decks)

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