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PIL C > Advanced Anaesthesia and Recovery Surgery > Flashcards

Advanced Anaesthesia and Recovery Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

What is the triad of anaesthesia?

A

Unconsciousness- loss of awareness and no memory of the procedure

Analgesia - loss of pain sensation

Muscle relaxation

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2
Q

List the home office anaesthetic codes.

A

AA - no anaesthesia

AB - recovery:
- AB(L) - local
- AB(R) - regional
- AB(G) - general

AC - non-recovery

AD - general with neuromuscular blockade

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3
Q

List the classes of drugs used for premedication and important examples of each.

A

1 - Antimuscarinics
- Atropine
- Glycopyrrolate

2 - Phenothiazines
- Acepromazine
- Chlorpromazine
- Promazine

3 - Butyrophenones
- Droperidol
- Fluanisone
- Azaperone

4 - Benzodiazepines
- Midazolam
- Diazepam

5 - Alpha 2 agonists
- Medetomidine
- Dexmedetomidine
- Xylazine

6 - Opioids
- Buprenorphine** (partial mu agonist)
- Butorphanol (kappa agonist, mu antagonist)
- Morphine (full opioid agonist)
- Methadone (full opioid agonist)
- Fentanyl (full opioid agonist)
- Pethidine (full opioid agonist)

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4
Q

List the classes of injected anaesthetic drugs and important examples of each.

A

1 - Steroid anaesthetics
- Alfaxalone

2 - Alkylphenols
- Propofol

3 - Dissociative anaesthetics & related combinations
- Ketamine
- Combined with medetomidine or xylazine (alpha 2 agonists)

4 - Barbiturates
- Pentobarbital
- Thiobarbital
- Methohexital
- Inactin

5 - Neuroleptanalgesic combinations (an opioid + premedicant)
- Hypnorm (fentanyl + fluanisone) **
- Innovar-vet / thalamanaol (fentanyl + droperidol)
- Immobilon SA (etorphine + methotrimeprazine)

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5
Q

List the important inhalational anaesthetic drugs.

A

1 - Isoflurane **

2 - Sevoflurane **

3 - Desflurane

4 - Halothane

5 - Methoxyflurane

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6
Q

List the important NSAID drugs.

A

1 - Paracetamol

2 - Carprofen **

3 - Meloxicam **

4 - Ketoprofen

5 - Flunixin

*No further cards on NSAIDS because nothing special to remember

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7
Q

List the important local anaesthetics.

A

1 - Bupivacaine

2 - Lidocaine

3 - EMLA cream

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8
Q

List the important features of antimuscarinics?

A

Reduce bronchial and salivary secretions

Reduce drug-induced cardiac depression

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9
Q

List the important features of phenothiazines.

A

Produce mild sedation

Potentiate the actions of other opioids and analgesics

Smooths recovery

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10
Q

List the important features of butyrophenones

A

Similar to phenothiazines (mild sedation, potentiate opioids and analgesics, smooths recovery)

Most commonly used in neuroleptanalgesic combinations

Cause mild sedation and have an anaesthetic-sparing effect

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11
Q

List the important features of benzodiazepines

A

Variable tranquilisation

Potentiate anaesthetics and opioids

Induce skeletal muscle relaxation

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12
Q

List the important features of alpha 2 agonists.

What are the important side effects?

A

Potent sedation

Potentiate anaesthetics

Mild-moderate analgesia

Side effects: CV and respiratory depression and vomiting

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13
Q

List the important features of opioids

What are the important side effects?

A

Moderate sedation

Variable analgesia

Anaesthetic-sparing effect

Side effects: respiratory depression and nausea

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14
Q

List the important features of alfaxalone

A

Given IV

5-10 minutes duration

Can have repeated doses / CRI

Smooth induction

May produce moderate hypotension

Licenced in cats, dogs and rabbits only

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15
Q

List the important features of propofol.

A

Given IV

5-15 minutes duration

Transient apnoea after induction with CV depression

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16
Q

List the important features of ketamine.

A

Produces reliable immobility but skeletal muscle increased

Variable analgesia but usually profound

Cataleptic sedation

Potently abolishes corneal reflex - dry eyes

17
Q

List the important features of ketamine-alpha 2 agonist combinations.

A

As with ketamine but extended anaesthesia to 20-30 minutes

18
Q

List the important features of neuroleptanalgesics such as hypnorm. **

A

Profound analgesia

15-30 minutes duration

Cause respiratory depression

Poor muscle relaxation

Often combined further with a diazepine (so-called neuroleptanaesthetic combinations - see next card)

19
Q

Give an example of a common neuroleptanaesthetic combination.

A

Hypnorm + midazolam

Allows massive dose reduction

Good muscle relaxation

20-30 minutes duration

20
Q

List the important features of pentobarbital.

A

Given IV

Severe respiratory and cardiac depression

Poor analgesia

Prolonged recovery

Generally used instead for euthanasia

21
Q

List the important features of thiopental.

A

Given IV

Smooth and rapid induction

Transient apnoea after induction

5-15 minutes anaesthesia

22
Q

List the important features of isoflurane. **

A

Rapid induction and recovery with easy depth change

Minimal metabolism

Moderate respiratory and cardiovascular depression

Can cause breath holding

23
Q

List the important features of sevoflurane.

A

Faster onset and offset than isoflurane

Less pungent than isoflurane

Minimal excitement on recovery

24
Q

List the important features of desflurane.

A

Most rapid onset of inhalational anaesthetics

Least metabolism of inhalation anaesthetics

Expensive and not often used in animals

25
Q

List the important features of morphine.

A

Short duration of 2-4 hours analgesia

Powerful analgesia

Significant respiratory depression

26
Q

List the important features of pethidine.

A

Very short duration of action of <2 hours analgesia

Spasmolytic

27
Q

List the important features of methadone.

A

Duration 2-4 hrs rodents and 4-6 in other species

Commonly used in cats and dogs

28
Q

List the important features of fentanyl.

List 3 similar drugs.

A

Potent analgesia

Very short duration of <30 minutes

Commonly used in neuroleptanalgesic combinations

Can be given as a patch or gel

Similar drugs: alfentanil, sufentanil, remifentanil

29
Q

List the important features of buprenorphine. **

A

Partial mu agonist

Widely used due to long duration of action (6-8 hours)

Less potent than morphine

30
Q

List the important features of butorphanol.

A

Kappa agonist, mu antagonist - mammals have few kappa receptors but birds have more so is effective in birds.

Duration 45 minutes - 1 hour

Can be used to reverse other drugs

PIL C (1 decks)

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