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Question 1

What is the primary pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 1

Sino-atrial node

Question 2

Where is the primary pacemaker of the heart located?

Answer 2

Superior wall of the right atrium in the crista terminalis, at the junction of superior vena
cava and right atrium in the posterolateral wall of sinus venarum, in the subepicardial
layer.

Question 3

Where is the atrioventricular node located?

Answer 3

Within the atrioventricular septum**
, in the Triangle of Koch near its apex, Septal
Tricuspid leaflet anteriorly, Eustachian valve and Tendon of Todaro* posteriorly,
Coronary sinus orifice is the base of the triangle.

*Tendon of Todaro is a collagenous band that lies in the subendocardial layer in the
right atrium and is a part of the fibrous skeleton of the heart, originating from the
central fibrous body.

** It is the lower part of the interatrial septum and the upper part of the membranous
part of the interventricular septum, separating the right atrium from the left ventricle.

Question 4

Where does the atrioventricular bundle arise from?

Answer 4

Direct continuation of atrioventricular node (Ashoff-Tawara node) follows along the
lower border of membranous part of interventricular septum penetrates in the right
fibrous trigone.

Question 5

What are the direct branches of the atrioventricular bundle?

Answer 5

Left and right Tawara bundles

Question 6

Which impulse conducting item passes through the fibrous skeleton of the heart?

Answer 6

Atrioventricular bundle (Tawara bundle).

Question 7

Which nerve supplies the parasympathetic innervation of the heart?

Answer 7

Vagus Nerve (X) cranial nerve

Question 8

Which layer of the cardiac wall forms the cusps?

Answer 8

Endocardium (Double layer of it).

Question 9

What is the shape of the arterial pericardial reflections?

Answer 9

Transverse (I) shaped.

Question 10

What is the shape of the venous pericardial reflections?

Answer 10

J-shaped

Question 11

What is the nutrient (private) arteries of the heart?

Answer 11

• Left coronary artery
• Circumflex artery
• anterior interventricular artery
• left marginal artery
• Right coronary artery
• right marginal artery
• posterior interventricular artery.

Question 12

Where do the nutrient arteries of the heart arise from?

Answer 12

Right and left aortic sinuses located on the aorta

Question 13

Which artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular branch at “balanced
circulation”?

Answer 13

Right coronary artery

Question 14

Which artery gives rise to the anterior interventricular branch at “balanced
circulation”?

Answer 14

Left coronary artery

Question 15

Which artery gives rise to the circumflex branch?

Answer 15

Left coronary artery

Question 16

In which groove of heart does the circumflex branch run?

Answer 16

Coronary groove/sulcus

Question 17

In which groove of heart does the coronary sinus run?

Answer 17

Coronary groove/sulcus

Question 18

Which chamber of the heart does the coronary sinus empty into?

Answer 18

Right atrium

Question 19

Name at least 3 veins which empty into the coronary sinus.

Answer 19

• Great cardiac vein
• Small cardiac vein
• Middle cardiac vein.

Question 20

Which veins travel in the coronary sulcus?

Answer 20

Small cardiac vein, Coronary sinus

Question 21

Which vein runs in the anterior interventricular sulcus?

Answer 21

Great cardiac vein

Question 22

Which vein runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus?

Answer 22

Middle cardiac vein

Question 23

On which surface of the heart is the anterior interventricular sulcus found?

Answer 23

Anterior (Sternocostal) surface of the heart.

Question 24

On which surface of the heart is the posterior interventricular sulcus found?

Answer 24

Inferior (Diaphragmatic) surface of the heart.

Question 25

In which chambers are the trabeculae carneae found?

Answer 25

Right and left ventricles of the heart

Question 26

Derivative of which embryological item is found in the interatrial septum?

Answer 26

Foramen ovale.

Question 27

Which part of the diaphragm holds the heart?

Answer 27

Central tendon of the diaphragm.

Question 28

Which chamber of the heart is in contact with the oesophagus?

Answer 28

Left atrium.

Question 29

Where is the auscultation point of the bicuspid valve?

Answer 29

Left 5th intercostal space near the apex of the heart.

Question 30

Name the contents of the posterior mediastinum.

Answer 30

• Esophagus (C VI to Th XI)
• Vagus nerves (X) cranial nerves.
• Thoracic aorta and its branches.
• The azygos vein, hemiazygos vein and accessory hemiazygos vein.
• Thoracic duct
• Sympathetic trunk, (Thoracic) splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least).
• Posterior mediastinal lymph nodes lying along the sides of the aorta.