Advanced 1 Flashcards
Define: Pathology
The study of disease processes, or any deviation from a normal, healthy condition.
Pathos: A quality that evokes pity or sadness. Or more succinctly, suffering.
Ology: The study of
-Pathology is literally the study of suffering.
Define: Anatomy
The study of the structure of the body
Define: Physiology
Study of the vital processes and functions of cells, organs and organ systems
What does pathology deal with?
*Etiology: The study of the source or cause of disease
-For example: heredity (genetics), infection, autoimmunity, trauma, or aging
*The stages of injury and healing:
-Acute: Develops quickly and severely or has a short duration. Can also mean the first 1-3 days of healing
-Subacute: Period of 3 days to 3 weeks after onset
-Chronic: Develops slowly, recurs, or persists for a long time
Define: Indication (as it relates to massage)
A condition for which massage would be beneficial or recommended
What should you do if you don’t understand a client’s medical condition or medication?
Ask questions
If you have concerns that massage may not be beneficial for the client, what should you do?
Reschedule and ask for a doctor’s note if necessary.
Define: Contraindication
A situation/condition for which massage should be avoided because it may be harmful to the client.
What are the categories of contraindications?
*Temporary - Short term situations that will resolve in 3-6 months
*Chronic - Long term situations that will not be resolved within 6 months or unchanging
*Acute - Recent/sudden
*Local - Avoid massage only in affected area
*Systemic - The entire body is affected and massage would make the client’s condition worse.
How do you find out if a client has a contraindication?
Do a medical intake and ask questions
How do you find out if a client has a contraindication?
Do a medical intake and ask questions
What are some reasons for contraindications in massage therapy?
Contraindications can be due to injury, medical condition, drug interaction, or mental condition.
Do all contraindications mean no massage can be performed?
Some contraindications apply only to certain techniques, while others mean no massage can be performed.
Whose responsibility is it to determine if massage is safe for the client and therapist?
It is the massage therapist’s job to determine if massage is safe, as some conditions can be spread.
What are some examples of contraindications?
*Rash
*Fever
*Broken leg
*Stitches
*Cold or flu
*Chronic condition flare-up (fibromyalgia, arthritis)
*Blood pressure issues
*Surgery
*Certain medications
*Any unidentified condition
*Unexplained chest pain
*Unexplained headache
How many muscles are in the human body?
640
What are the seven ways in which muscles are named?
- Shape
- Size
- Orientation of fibers
- Action
- Number of Attachments
- Points of Attachment
- Location
What are the seven ways muscles are named?
- Shape
- Size
- Orientation of fibers
- Action
- Number of Attachments
- Points of Attachment
- Location
What are some examples of muscles named by their shape?
*Deltoid
*Orbicularis Oculi
*Rhomboids
What are some examples of muscles named by their size?
*Vastus muscles
*Pectoralis ‘Major’ & ‘Minor’
*Gluteus ‘Maximus’, ‘Medius’, & ‘Minimus’
What the three (3) directions in which muscle fibers can lie?
*Transverse - Muscle fibers that run perpendicular to the midline 🎻
*Oblique - Muscle fibers that run diagonally at an angle or a slant
*Rectus - Muscle fibers that run parallel to the midline
What are some examples of muscles named by their actions?
*Flexor Hallucis Brevis
*Extensor Digiti Minimi
*Supinator
What are some examples of muscles named by their heads or bellies?
*Biceps Brachii
*Triceps Brachii
*Quadriceps Femoris
What are some examples of muscles named by their location in the body?
*Tibialis Anterior
*Infrahyoid group
*Supraspinatus
What are the two forms by which bones are typically recognized and identified?
*Endochondral
*Membranous
What are the five types of bones identified by their general shape?
*Long
*Short
*Flat
*Sesamoid
*Irregular
How do long bones develop?
Via endochondral ossification, a process in which the hyaline cartilage plate is slowly replaced.
Define: Shaft / Diaphysis
The long, cylindrical, central portion of a long bone.
The shaft / diaphysis connects the proximal and distal ends of the bone, known as the epiphyses, which are typically involved in forming joints
Define: Epiphysis
The rounded end of a long bone
Define: Metaphysis
The region of a long bone where the diaphysis (shaft) and epiphysis (end) meet
Which bones are included in the Long Bones Group?
*Humerus
*Ulna
*Radius
*Fibula
*Tibia
*Femur
*Metatarsals
*Metacarpals
*Phalanges
Where does growth occur in long bones during development?
At the metaphysis and growth plate / epiphyseal plate
Where are sesamoid bones found?
At the end of long bones in the limbs where the tendons cross
What purpose do sesamoid bones serve in the body?
Sesamoid bones protect tendons from excessive wear and reduce friction. They are small, round bones that form within tendons in areas where a tendon passes over a joint, helping to improve the mechanical efficiency of the joint and protect the tendon from stress and strain
What are some examples of short bones?
*Carpal bones
*Tarsal bones
*Patella / Knee cap
What are some examples of flat bones?
*Ribs
*Sternum
*Scapulae
What are the irregular bones categorized by?
Their bone content, which includes a thin layer of compact bone covering a mass of mostly spongy bone.
What are some examples of irregular bones?
*Vertebrae
*Certain bones of the skull
*Certain bones of the hip
What is the purpose of flat bones?
To protect internal organs and provide a large surface area for muscle attachment.
What are the criteria for anatomical position?
*Standing erect
*Arms at sides
*Palms facing forward
*Eyes straight forward
*Feet shoulder-width apart and parallel
*Toes pointing forward
Why do we need an anatomical position?
*It prevents confusion when describing location in/on the body.
*It represents a neutral starting point that all anatomical terminology is based on.
*Allows medical professionals to communicate clearly about which areas they are referring to.
Are directional terms from the therapist’s or client’s point of view?
The client’s
What are the basic directional terms?
*Anterior / Ventral: Front of body
*Posterior / Dorsal: Back of body
*Superior / Cephalad: Closer to top of head
*Inferior / Caudal: Closer to feet
*Proximal: Closer to trunk
*Distal: Farther from trunk
*Medial: Closer to the midline
*Lateral: Farther away from the midline
*Superficial: Closer to surface of body
*Deep: Farther away from the surface
Why do the directional terms “proximal” and “distal” not apply to the trunk?
Since the trunk serves as the reference point for the terms “proximal” and “distal,” which describe locations along the limbs in relation to their attachment to the trunk, you cannot describe parts of the trunk as being more proximal or distal relative to each other.
What directional terms are typically used for the trunk instead of proximal and distal?
Medial and lateral are typically used to describe locations on the trunk, indicating positions relative to the midline of the body
What terms are commonly used to indicate the therapist position during the massage?
*Ipsilateral: On same side of body
*Unilateral: Only on one side
*Contralateral: On opposite side of body
*Bilateral: On both sides
What is a region of the body?
Area of the human body that because of its shape and form, easily stands out as distinct from the other regions.
What two primary areas can the body be divided into?
*Axial region
*Appendicular region
What does the axial region consist of?
*Head
*Neck
*Trunk
What does the appendicular region consist of?
*Upper limb or extremity
*Lower limb or extremity
What are the two most well known sesamoid bones?
Patella (knee cap)
Pisiform (found in the wrist)
What is the unique characteristic of sesamoid bones in terms of their location within the body?
Sesamoid bones are unique because they are encased within tendons, providing protection and enhancing the mechanical efficiency of the tendons as they pass over joints
The anterior and posterior surfaces of the head combined are often referred to as what?
The cephalic region
The anterior and posterior surfaces of the head combined are often referred to as what?
The cephalic region
The anterior and posterior surfaces of the neck combined are often referred to as what?
The cervical region
What four sub-regions can the trunk, or torso, be further divided into?
Anterior:
1. Thorax
2. Abdomen
3. Pelvis
Posterior:
4. Back
What is the thorax also known as?
The thorax is also known as the thoracic region or the chest.
What is the origin of the word “thorax”?
The word “thorax” originates from ancient Greek and Latin, meaning “breastplate.”
What does the thoracic cavity contain?
The thoracic cavity contains vital organs of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, such as the heart and lungs, as well as various other internal structures which is why a penetrating wound to the thoracic region is potentially life-threatening.
Where is the abdominal region located in the body?
The abdominal region is located between the thorax and the pelvis.
What structures form the border between the abdominal wall and the thoracic wall?
The costal margin and the xiphoid process
Where is the thoracic region located in the body?
Between the neck and the abdomen
What term describes the continuous region formed by the abdomen and pelvis?
The abdominopelvic region
What term describes the continuous region formed by the abdomen and pelvis?
The abdominopelvic region
Although the scapulae and its muscles forming the scapular region are located at the posterior aspect of the trunk, why aren’t they classified as part of the back?
They are primarily involved in the movements of the upper limbs rather than the movements of the trunk or spine itself
What does the term “axial” refer to in the body, and where does the word come from?
“Axial” comes from the word “axis,” so it refers to parts of the body that are at the center and around which something is arranged—in this case, the limbs.
What is the primary function of the upper limb?
To maneuver the hand into positions where it can manipulate objects, enabling us to grip, write, lift, throw, and perform many other movements.
What are the six sub-regions of the upper limb, each containing its own muscles and neurovascular supply?
- Shoulder
- Arm
- Elbow
- Forearm
- Wrist
- Hand
What is the most mobile joint in the body enabling to position the upper limb in a wide range of positions?
The shoulder joint
Although in a colloquial sense, the term “arm” refers to the whole upper limb, what does it refer to in an anatomical sense?
Specifically the portion of the upper limb located between the shoulder and the elbow
What is the longest segment of the upper limb extending around the humerus?
The arm
What is the small region of the upper limb that connects the arm to the forearm?
The elbow
What is the second longest segment of the upper limb extending between the elbow and wrist and overlying the radius and ulna?
The forearm
What is the small, yet complex region connecting the forearm to the hand?
The wrist
What are the primary functions for which the lower limb has been developed?
Stability and locomotion
What are the seven subregions of the lower limb?
- Hip
- Gluteal region
- Thigh
- Knee
- Leg
- Ankle
- Foot
What region of the lower limb is both the most proximal and lateral?
The hip region
Where is the gluteal region / buttocks located?
The posterior surface of the lower limb, inferior to the lower back, lying behind the pelvis and extending from the iliac crest of the bony pelvis to the gluteal fold.
Why is the thigh also known as the femoral region?
It contains most of the femur or thigh bone.
Why is the thigh also known as the femoral region?
It contains most of the femur or thigh bone.
What is the most superior part of the free lower limb, lying between the gluteal and pelvic regions proximally and the knee region distally?
The thigh
What separates the gluteal and femoral regions?
The gluteal fold
Where does the transition from the trunk to the free lower limb abruptly occur?
In the inguinal region (groin)
What region is located between the thigh and the leg, containing the largest and arguably most biomechanically stressed joint in the body?
The knee region
Although in a colloquial sense, the term “leg” refers to the whole lower limb, what does it refer to in an anatomical sense?
Specifically to the portion of the lower limb between the knee and the ankle
Which bones are included in the leg?
The leg includes most of the tibia (shin bone) and the fibula (calf bone)
What is the region connecting the leg to the foot, accommodating the ankle joint which allows for movement of the foot and acts as a shock absorber in gait?
The ankle
What is the most distal part of the lower limb being a resilient structure that supports your body weight while standing, walking, running, or jumping?
The foot
What are the six principles of Modern Cell Theory?
- The cell is the smallest living unit in all organisms.
- All living things are made of cells.
- All cells come from pre-existing cells.
- Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) passed from cell to cell during division.
- All cells are basically the same in chemical composition.
- All energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) of life occurs within cells.
Define: Unicellular
An organism that has one cell
Define: Multicellular
An organism that has multiple cells
What are the two categories of cells?
*Prokaryotes
*Eukaryotes
What two types of organisms are prokaryotes?
*Archaea
*Bacteria
What 4 types of organisms are eukaryotes?
*Animals
*Plants
*Fungi
*Protists
What is the difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Prokaryotes have no membrane-bound organelles while eukaryotes do
What is the function of the cell membrane (plasma membrane)?
The cell membrane (plasma membrane) is semi-permeable, meaning it only allows certain, select materials in or out, helping to maintain homeostasis.
Define: Cytoplasm
A jelly-like substance that surrounds all internal cell structures and is found in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
