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Radiographic Interpretation > Adv Imaging Modalities > Flashcards

Adv Imaging Modalities Flashcards

1
Q

Advanced Imaging Modalities
(6)

A
  • MDCT
  • CBCT
  • MRI
  • Positive Contrast Examinations
  • Nuclear Medicine
  • Ultrasound
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2
Q
  • Positive Contrast Examinations
    (2)
A
  • Arthrography
  • Sialography
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3
Q
  • Nuclear Medicine
    (1)
A
  • PET-CT
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4
Q

Multi-Detector Computed Tomography
(MDCT)
a.k.a.
(3)

A
  • Multidetector Helical CT
  • Multislice CT
  • Multirow CT
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5
Q

MDCT
older terminology
(6)

A
  • Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
  • Computerized Reconstruction Tomography
  • Computed Tomographic Scanning
  • Axial Tomography
  • Computerized Transaxial Tomography
  • Computerized Axial Transverse Scanning
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6
Q

Electrical and Musical Industries
The Beatles were so successful
that EMI was able to fund other
divisions of the company, in
particular the work of engineer
Godfrey Hounsfield.
Allan Cormack shared the
Nobel Prize in 1979 for the
Development of

A

CT imaging

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7
Q

Computed Tomography
Robert S. Ledley DDS, MS
DDS -1948, NYU
MS – physics 1950, Columbia U
“Mathematics Used to Keep False Teeth in Place.”

optimize the fitting of dentures by determining the

A

mean slope of each tooth relative to the surface of the
piece of food being chewed

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8
Q

Robert S. Ledley DDS 1948; MS in physics 1950
The room-sized Standards Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) from early 1950s.
Ledley learned to program on this computer
SEAC used to create the
first

A

scanned image

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9
Q

Computed Tomography
Dr. Ledley (DDS) developed patent for the first
Technically, Ledley’s research resulted in the current

A

“whole body” CT
scanner for larger patient openings in 1976.

MDCT technology

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10
Q

MDCT
Greater — than conventional
x-ray imaging systems
Demonstrates —

A

hard tissue object sensitivity
soft tissues

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11
Q

MDCT Technique
uses a — -shaped beam

A

fan

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12
Q

CT Basis-image Capture

A

Two basis-image capture sequences as the machine
rotates counterclockwise from Position 1 to Position 2
scans routinely capture in the range of 100 to 600 basis
images per rotational scan.

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13
Q

The greater the #
basis images, the

A

better the
reconstruction
algorithm

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14
Q

MDCT
* Attenuated beam photon capture in the
solid state — detector
affects (3)
* Electrical charge is assigned a
* Numerical value is assigned a
* (2) information is used
by imaging software to construct images
(visual analogs)

A

cadmium tungstate
energy, the degree of ionization and electrical charge
numerical value (“digitized”) for a given voxel
gray scale value for the part of the object (voxel)
Spatial and numerical

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15
Q

Images constructed in the anatomic
planes of imaging;
(3)

A
  1. Coronal (frontal)
  2. Axial (transverse)
  3. Sagittal
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16
Q

Windowing
* Human eye discriminate up to – shades of gray
* Monitors show up to — shades of gray
* CT data has — shades of gray or — shades of gray
* But… the human eye cannot discriminate all the
shades of gray if displayed
* So… at the workstation, the window width can be
narrowed around a selected window level

A

40
256 (8 bit)
4096 (12 bit), 17,024 (14 bit)

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17
Q

High contrast resolution yields details of

A

hard and soft tissue
densitie

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18
Q

Hounsfield (density) Units
Do not translate to
CBCT units
BECAUSE of
variations in
(4)

A
  • FOV
  • Exposure
  • Position in scanner
  • Size of object
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19
Q

the window width can be
narrowed around a selected

A

window leve

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20
Q

The narrower window width
produces images with —
contras

A

high

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21
Q

The window level is the
number at the — of the
window

A

center

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22
Q

A narrow window with
varying window levels
selectively windows

A

hard
and soft tissue

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23
Q

Disadvantages of C.T.
(3)

A

1) High dose of ionizing radiation
2) Expensive and not as readily available as
conventional imaging
3) Sensitive to artifacts from metallic
restorations and patient movement

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24
Q

1 day of background
radiation ~

A

8.5μSv

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25
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
* One of the most important advantages MR
has is the ability to

A

separate tissues with
extracellular water from cellular tissues
with intracellular water

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26
Q

Components of
Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI)
(3)

A
  1. Magnets
  2. Resonant energy
  3. Imaging
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27
Q

MRI System
(2)

A

Image Capture
Image Processing

28
Q

MRI Experiences for the Patient
(3)

A
  • Confined space
  • “Clanging” noise
  • Mild vibration and movement
29
Q

MRI makes use of the — property found in some of the nuclei present in the human body

A

resonance

30
Q

the hydrogen nucleus (proton) is of interest due to its large presence in

A

water and body molecules

31
Q

also, only atoms with an – number of protons and or neutrons in the nucleus have the — properties required

A

odd
magentic

32
Q

Magnetic moments of MR active nuclei point in — directions
thus they produce no

A

random
overall magnetic effect

33
Q

alignment

A

magnetic moments line up with the magnetic field flux lines

34
Q

Contrast between soft
tissues
(4)

A
  • Proton density
  • T1 relaxation time
  • T2 relaxation time
  • flow
35
Q
  • T1 weighted images = “
A

fat images”
(the surrounding fat produces the image
contrast)

36
Q
  • T2 weighted images =
A

“water images”
(normal or abnormal location of free
water can be evaluated)

37
Q

Tissue relaxation characteristics
T1
msec
T2
msec
Muscle

A

860
70

38
Q

Tissue relaxation characteristics
T1
msec
T2
msec
Fat

A

750
55

39
Q

Tissue relaxation characteristics
T1
msec
T2
msec
BRain

A

220
60

40
Q

Tissue relaxation characteristics
T1
msec
T2
msec
CSF

A

3000
2000

41
Q

Tissue relaxation characteristics
T1
msec
T2
msec
Blood

A

900
200

42
Q

Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Advantages of the M.R.I.
(2)

A

1) No ionizing radiation
2) Best soft tissue imaging

43
Q

Disadvantages of MRI
(3)

A
  • 1) Sensitive to motion artifacts
  • 2) Expensive financial and temporal
    demands
  • 3) Claustrophobia
44
Q

MRI
DISADVANTAGES
(4)

A
  • Cost
  • Availability
  • Time to image
  • Claustrophobic patients
45
Q

MRI
ABSOLUTE CONTRAINDICATIONS
General
(1)
Specific
(4)

A
  • Imbedded ferrous metals
  • Cardiac pacemakers (depending on model)
  • Cerebral aneurysm clips
  • Cochlear implants
  • Intra-ocular metallic foreign bodies
46
Q

MRI
Best modality to study

A

soft tissue disease

47
Q

MRI
T1 and T2 most common imaging sequences
to evaluate change in

A

soft tissue structures

48
Q

MRI
Functional studies of

A

fluid dynamics in
vascular channels

49
Q

POSITIVE CONTRAST
EXAMINATIONS:
(5)

A

● ARTHROGRAPHY
● SIALOGRAPHY
● UROGRAPHY
● PYELOGRAPHY
● BARIUM SERIES

50
Q

Sialogram

A

Infusion of a radiopaque dye into a salivary gland’s ductal
pattern and evaluating the fill pattern with radiographic
imaging

51
Q

Sialogram
● Technique is used for evaluation of the

A

parotid and
submandibular glands as these glands have a primary duct
amenable for gland infusion

52
Q

Sialogram
● Sublingual gland lacks a primary duct; it has

A

multiple ducts
excreting into the floor of the mouth therefore it is not suitable
for sialographic examination

53
Q

Nuclear Medicine Bone Scan
* Imaging technique where
* — camera takes images of where the
— has collected
* — activity determines degree of
— binding

A

bone binds a radioisotope Tc99
Gamma, radioisotope
Metabolic, radioisotope

54
Q

Nuclear Medicine Bone Scan
Advantages
1)

A

Radioactive isotope concentrates in areas
of rapid bone turnover and gives positive
response with 10% increase of osteoblastic
activity

55
Q

Nuclear Medicine Bone Scan
Disadvantages
(3)

A

1) Expensive and invasive
2) Morphologic changes not imaged
3) Findings not specific to any disease process

56
Q

PET CT
* Combination of

A

PET
and CT is referred to
as hybrid or fusion
imaging

57
Q

PET CT
Superior to

A

plain
nuclear medicine
alone

58
Q

PET CT
Useful for:
(3)

A
  • location of a tumor
  • followup of chemotherapy
    or surgery
  • staging dementia, evaluate
    stroke
59
Q

PET - CT FDG Overview
Positron Emission Tomography-
Computed Tomography

A

» Fluorine-18 (18F) is a positron-
emitting radioactive isotope that
is used with a glucose analogue
for quantitative imaging i
» Computed tomography (CT) is
fused or co-registered with the
PET scan to aid in interpretation

60
Q

Increased FDG uptake is evident as

A

increased brightness in left
condyle laterally and superiorly. Comparison of left and right
condyles joints illustrates difference in FDG uptake.

61
Q

PET SCAN
Advantages
(2)

A
  • Allows functional study of a metabolic
    process
  • Provides a visual image that
    corresponds with patient anatomy
62
Q

PET SCAN
Disadvantages
(3)

A
  • Higher dosimetry
  • High finances
  • Slow imaging; not capable for time
    sequences > 30 seconds
63
Q

Ultrasonography
* aka (2)

A

– Real-time echography
– Real-time tomography

64
Q

Ultrasound
* ultrasound uses
* ultrasound examination is less expensive to conduct than (2)

A

non-ionizing sound waves and has
not been associated with carcinogenesis

CT or MRI

65
Q
  • ultrasound imaging is useful for the evaluation of
A

physiology as well as anatomy (e.g. vascular lesions
in jaws).

66
Q

Ultrasound transducer sends ultrasound pulses into tissue and
then receives echoes back with

A

spatial and contrast information
on a 2D grayscale image

Radiographic Interpretation (13 decks)

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