Adv Human Anatomy Final Flashcards
what contributes to the surface area of the digestive system, esp small intestine
circular folds in the duodenum of small intestine, villi, and mircovilli
what are lacteals
lymphatic capillaries that absorb most dietary lipids
what are mesenteries
connective tissue sheets holding abdominal viscera in place
what are the posterior and anterior mesenteries?
2-layered membranes that may hang freely or connect organs together or to abdominal wall
extends from the lesser curvature of stomach to the liver
lesser omentum
what hangs like an apron from stomach’s greater curvature
greater omentum
what is the mseocolon
the mesentery of the colon
what are the components, in order, of the GI tract?
Teeth, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, deudonum, jejunum, ileum, ilealcecal valve, cecum (with appendix connecting to it), ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus
function of the colon
absorption of water and compaction of undigested material
function of mouth/oral cavity
ingestion, taste, mastication, some chemical digestion, swallowing, speech, respiration
function of esophagus
carry food to stomach
function of stomach
primarily food stoarge and mechanical breakdown of food to produce chyme
function of small intestine
nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absroption
function of large intestine
absorption of water and compation of undigested material
what arteries supply foregut
esophageal arteries and celiac trunk
what vessel supplies midgut
superior mesenteric artery
what artery supplies hindgut?
inferior mesenteric artery
blood from the entire tract below the diaphragm drains into ?
hepatic portal system/vein
what type of innervation dominates digestive tract?
parasympathetic
what nerves innervate digestive tract
vagus nerves
what nerves innervate the descending colon and rectum
plexus nerves
function of bile
produced by the liver, it emulsifies fats
where does chemical digestion occur
mouth and small intestine
where does mechanical digestion occur
stomach
why does saliva contribute to chemical digestion?
saliva digests a small amount of starch (salivary amylase) and fat (salivary amylase and lingual lipase)
function of parietal cells?
in stomach, make HCl, intrinsic factor, and Ghrelin
function of chief cells
in stomach, make pepsinogen and gastric lipade
function of kidneys
filter blood plasma and excrete toxic waste.
also regulate blood volume and pressure, regulate osmolarity, regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance
function of urinary system
extract waste from bodily fluids and eliminate them
components of renal corpuscle
glomerular capillaries (glomerulus), glomerluar (Bowman’s) capsule, podocytes, filtration slits
what are on glomerular capsule and wrap around capillaries with foot processes
podocytes
each kidney contains about ______ nephrons
1 million
waht 2 parts make up the nephron
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
what is a renal corpuscle made of (2 things)
globerulus and globerular capsule
what extends from the glomular capsule to the collecting duct
renal tubule
what consists of a descending and ascending limb
nephron loop
the renal tubule consists of:
proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
where does most of nephron reabsorption occur
proximal tubule
difference between male and female urinary systems?
urethra length, and male urethra has 3 names depending on where it is
3 names of male urethra
prostatic urethra, membraneous urethra, spongey (penile) urethra
what is a condition developed from dysfunction of kidneys that may lead to uremia
azotemis
what is the most common form of nitrogenous waste excreted, and is excreted by humans
urea
what is a hilum
slit in kidney
what are the 3 layers of protection of the kidney
renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule
what are the 3 layers of the ureter wall and what do they consist of?
mucosa: transitional epithelium
muscularis: multiple layers of smooth muscle
adventitia: connective tissue binding to surrounding organs
what % of blood goes through the kidneys
21%
what are the penile erectile tissues?
coprus spongiosum (only in males) and coprora cavernosa (both males and females)
what artery supplies the penile erectile tissue
internal pudendal artery, which branches to dorsal a and deep a
what are the steps for follicle development
o Promodial follicle – egg and one layer of follicular cells
o Primary follicle – larger egg, one later of cuboidal follicular cells
o Secondary follicle – larger egg, two or more layers of granulosa cells
o Tertiary follicle – contains fluid-filled pockets pr a single fluid-filled antrum among granulosa cells
o Mature (graafian) follicle – larger blister bulging from ovary; contains cumulus oophorus with zona pellucida as inner layer
o Ovulation of 2ndary oocyte from mature follicle occurs around day 14 of menstrual cycle
o Collapsed follicle becomes corpus luteum
what hormone does the corpus luteum produce and is closely related to follicular development
progesterone
After the egg is fertilized, _____ produces _____ for how long?
corpus luteum produces progesterone for first 3 months
where is the corpus luteum located
in ovaries
what things are involved in scrotum temperature regulation
cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, pampiniform plexus
what is the cremaster muscle?
internal oblique muscle, elevates testes for warmth
what is the dartos muscle
smooth m, wrinkles scrotum, involved in temp regulation
what is the pampiniform plexus
a vein network of swpermatic cord
what are in the sperm head?
nucleus, acrosome (lysosome), and flagellar basal body
what makes up the majority of semen?
seminal vesical fluid
how long does it take for sperm to mature
74 days
what is the function of the broad ligament of the ovary?
flanks the uterus and encloses the uterine tube in its superior margin
what in the function of the suspensor ligament of the ovaries
attaches lateral pole of ovary to the pelvic wall to hold ovary in place
while ___ oocytes begin to develop each month, how many finish developing that month?
20-25 begin; 1 finishes
when is meiosis II complete
when the egg is fertilized!
what is the result of meiosis II
1 haploid egg
gonadotropin releasing hormone initiates ____ and causes what hormones to be released?
initiates folliculogenesis; causes FSH and LH to be released
where does fertilization occur
uterine tube
how long does is take for egg to move down uterine tube
about 3 days
what are the sections of the uterus
fundus, body, cervix (cervical canal connects to vagina)
what constitutes the uterine wall
perimetrium (external serosa)
myometrium (smooth muscle)
endometrium (functional and basal layers)
what is the difference between the functional and basal layers of uterus
functional layer is superficial and is shed with period, basal layer regenreates new lining monthly within uterus for possible embryo
what type of tissue is found in small intestine
simple squamous epithelium
what type of tissue is found in kidney
simple cubodial epithelium
what are the 3 types of cell junctions
tight junction, desmosome, gap junction
what type of cell junction allows no fluid to pass between cells and is found between epithelial cells of stomach
tight junction
what type of cell junction allows fluid to pass and resists mechanical stress and is found in epidermis
desmosome
what type of cell junction allows for rapid signaling between cells and is found in cardiac muscle
gap junctions
what are the functions of skin?
protection against bacterial infections or foreign matter; water retention; thermoregulation; vitamin D synthesis; cutanaeous sensation; nonverbal communication
what are osteogenic cells
stem cells located in endosteum, inner periosteum, and central canals
what are osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
what are osteocytes
mature bone cells
what are lacunae
cavities that house osteocytes
what are canaliculi
small canals that connect lacunae
what are osteoclasts
bone-dissolving macrophages
function of nucleus
contains chromosomes
function of ER
produces phospholipids and proteins; detoxes
function of ribosomes
assemble amino acids into proteins
function of golgi complex
synthesizes carbs and lipids; packages proteins
function of proteasomes organelles
regulates proteins
function of lysosomes
clean up cell; apoptosis
function of peroxisomes
oxidize fatty acids
function of mitochondria
produce ATP
function of centrioles
aid in cell division
what makes up axial vs. appendicular skeleton
axial: skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
appendicular: upper limbs & pectoral girdle, lower limbs and pelvic girdle
function of frontal lobe
cognition, speech, motor control
function of perietal lobe
interprets signals of general senses and taste
function of occipital lobe
principal visual center
function of temporal lobe
hearing, smelling, learning, memory
where is primary somatosensory cortex
lies on postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
where is primary motor cortex and what is its function
lies on precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and controls muscles on contralateral side of the body
function of wernicke area
responsible for recognition of spoken and written language
function of broca area
generates a motor program for muscles to produce speech
function of cerebellum
muscular coordination and fine motor control; varied cognitive functions
what are intrinsic muscles?
both origin and insertion are contained with a particular region of body (most muscles in hands)
describe direct (fleshy) attachment
close association with bone; collagenous fibers of epimysium are continuous with periosteum
describe indirect muscle attachment
tendon attaches muscle to bone; connects into periosteum and matrix (most muscles have this)
describe aponeurosis
broad sheet of tendon (like IT band)
`what is the most common muscle attachment
indirect attachment
action of palmar interosseous
adduct (PAD) towards the 3rd digit - unipennate
action of dorsal interosseous
abduct (DAB) away from 3rd digit - bipennate
action of lumbricals
flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints
what are muscles in the anterior leg?
quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris, sartorius, tansor fasciae latae, adductor magnus, pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, gracilis
what are the muscles in the posterior leg
hamstring muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus;
adductor magnus, gracilis, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius
name layers of muscle from depp to superficial
endomysium, periysium, epimysium, fascia
describe endomysium
aeolar CT that wraps each muscle fiber
describe perimysium
wraps muscle fibers into a bundle called a fascicle
describe epimysium
wraps entire muscle and extends beyond muscle as a tendon
describe fascia
wraps a muscle group, separating it from neighboring muscles
describe anatomy of nerves
Fibers surrounded by endoneurium. Fibers are in bundles (fascicles), each wrapped in perineurium. Several fascicles bundle together and are wrapped in epineurium
what muscles are voluntary and what are involuntary
voluntary: skeletal
involuntary: smooth, cardiac
cranial nerve name nmenonic
Oh Oh Oh To Touch A Female Vagina Gave Victor A Hardon
sensory, motor, or both for cranial nerves”
some say marry money by my brother says big brains matter more
describe parasympathetic innervation
rest and digest responses with calming effects; decreases HR; stimluates digestion and waste elimination
describe sympathetic innervation
fight or flight response for increased physical activity; increases HR and blood glucose; reduces blood flow to skin and GI tract
what hormones are produced by posterior pituitary
oxytocin and antiduiretic hormone
what are the hypothalamic hormones
GRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin
what are the anterior pituitary lobe hormones
FSH, LH, TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, PRL, growth hormone
what connects the hyopthalamus to the posterior pituitary
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
what have muscarinic receptors
all cardiac and smooth muscle and gland cells, bc they receive cholinergic innervation
where do nicotinic receptors occur
synapses where autonomic preganglionic neurons stimulate the postganglionic cells; on cells of the adrenal medulla; and at the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle fibers
what does hepatic portal system do?
receives all the blood draining from the abdominal digestive tract, and from pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen.
describe hepatic portal system
connects capillaries of the intestine and other digestive organs to modified capillaries of the liver; blood passes thru 2 capillary beds in a series before it returns to the heart
what are the principal veins for hepatic portal system
inferior mesenteric, superior mesenteric, splenic, pancreatic, cystic, and L & R gastric veins
describe neutrophils
most abundant WBC; phagocytize bacteria and digest them
describe eosinophils
2-4% of all leukocytes; number rise in response to allergies, parasitic infections, collagenous diseases,and diseases of the CNS
what is the rarest WBC
basophils
describe basophils
secrete histamine and herapin
what are the agranulocytes?
monocytes and lymphocytes
what r the the types of leukocytes
granulocytes and agranulocytes
what are the types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
describe monocytes
transform to macrophages after leaving blood, destroy dead or dying host or foreign cells, microorganisms, and foreign matter; display antigens on their surface to alert the immune system to the presence of a specific pathogen
what are lymphocytes
t cells, B cells, and natural killer cells
functions of respiratory system?
facilitates vocalizations and speech;
provides sense of smell;
pH balance throught elimination of CO2;
lungs contribute to synthesis of angiotensis II, a chem that helps regulate blood pressure;
holding breath while contracting abdeominal muscles helps to expel abdominal contents during urination, defecation, and childbirth
function of nose
warms, cleanses, and humidified air and detects odors
what are the parts of the nasal conchae
superior, middle, and inferior conchae and meatuses
describe the olfactory mucosa
uses sensory cells to detect odors; covers a small areas on the roof of the nasal fossa and adjacent parts of the septum and superior concha
what is respiratory epithelium made of, which lines rest of nasal cavity, except vestibule
ciliated pseudostratified respiratory mucosa
3 parts of pharynx
nasopharynx, orophrynx, langropharynx
what passes thru each part of pharynx
Nasopharynx – auditory/Eustachian tubes
Oropharynx – passageway for food, liquid, and air
Laryngopharynx - air
what is aka the voice box
larynx
name components involved with larynx
thyorid cartilage, cricoid cart, arytenoid card, vocal cords, vestibular folds, corniculate and cuniform cartilages, epiglottis
which larynx cartilage is the largest
thyroid cartilage
which larynx cartilage is inferiod to thyroid
cricoid cartilage
which larynx cartliage is superior to cricoid cartilage in posterior wall of larynx
arytenoid cartilage
what 2 cartilages are on the posterior, superior edge of larynx
corniculate and cuniform cartilages
what protects the opening of the larynx
epiglottis
describe lower respiratory tract
extends from trachea to pulmonary alveoli
what is known as the windpipe
trachea
what do the c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage do
support the trachea
what lines the trachea
pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains ciliated cells and goblet cells
what innervates bronchioles in a state of relaxation, and to what effect
parasympathetic nervous system, it keeps bronchioles partly constricted
what innervates bronchioles and what does it do to them during exercise
sympathetic nerves dialate bronchioles and increase airflow
what does the pleurae include
visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural fluid
where is visceral pleura
on lung surface
where is parietal pleura
on inner surface of rib cage
where is pleural fluid found
in potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae
what are the functions of the pleurae
reduce friction when lungs expand and contract;
create a pressure gradient that faciliates the movement of air;
compartmentalize thoracic organs and help prevent spread of infection
what is the prime respiratory muscle and what does it do
diaphragm, expands thoracic cavity
what are the chemoreceptors tha tmonitor pH and CO2 and O2 concentrations in the blood and CSF
aortic and carotid bodies and central chemoreceptors near the surface of the medulla oblongata
what monitor inflation of the lungs
stretch receptors
what does excessive inflation trigger
inhibition of inspiration
what nerve passes sensory signals from the respiratory mucosa to the inspiratory center, and what stimulates these signals
`vagus nerve; irritants such as dust, smoke, or food and drink that are aspirated to the larynx
what does the vagal reflex result in
coughing or sneezing
where are efferent ductules in male reproductive system and what is their function
posterior testis; carry sperm to epididymis
describe epididymis parts and function
has head, body, and tail;
sperm storage and maturation
describe ductus vas deferens and its function
long tube with smooth m in wall;
ampulla is widened last portion
describe ejaculatory duct
passes thru prostate gland and empties into urethra
what are a pair of male reproductive glands that are posterior to bladder and empty into ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicles
what surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts and empties into urethra
prostate gland
what are a pair of glands near base of penis that secrete clear fluid that neutralizes urethra and lubricates head
bulbourethral glands
what are the parts of the penis
internal root, shaft, glans - head, prepuce (foreskin), erectile tissue
what is the broad ligament composed of
mesosalpinx and mesometrium
where does fertilization occur
uterine tube
how long does it take for egg to move down uterine tube
about 3 days
what produce sperm
testis
what is the uterus
a muscular chamber superior to the vagina for nourishment, protection, and delivery of fetus
what part of the ovaries contains the egg
cortex with ovarian follicles
