Adv Human Anatomy Final Flashcards
(186 cards)
1
Q
what contributes to the surface area of the digestive system, esp small intestine
A
circular folds in the duodenum of small intestine, villi, and mircovilli
2
Q
what are lacteals
A
lymphatic capillaries that absorb most dietary lipids
3
Q
what are mesenteries
A
connective tissue sheets holding abdominal viscera in place
4
Q
what are the posterior and anterior mesenteries?
A
2-layered membranes that may hang freely or connect organs together or to abdominal wall
5
Q
extends from the lesser curvature of stomach to the liver
A
lesser omentum
6
Q
what hangs like an apron from stomach’s greater curvature
A
greater omentum
7
Q
what is the mseocolon
A
the mesentery of the colon
8
Q
what are the components, in order, of the GI tract?
A
Teeth, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, deudonum, jejunum, ileum, ilealcecal valve, cecum (with appendix connecting to it), ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus
9
Q
function of the colon
A
absorption of water and compaction of undigested material
10
Q
function of mouth/oral cavity
A
ingestion, taste, mastication, some chemical digestion, swallowing, speech, respiration
11
Q
function of esophagus
A
carry food to stomach
12
Q
function of stomach
A
primarily food stoarge and mechanical breakdown of food to produce chyme
13
Q
function of small intestine
A
nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absroption
14
Q
function of large intestine
A
absorption of water and compation of undigested material
15
Q
what arteries supply foregut
A
esophageal arteries and celiac trunk
16
Q
what vessel supplies midgut
A
superior mesenteric artery
17
Q
what artery supplies hindgut?
A
inferior mesenteric artery
18
Q
blood from the entire tract below the diaphragm drains into ?
A
hepatic portal system/vein
19
Q
what type of innervation dominates digestive tract?
A
parasympathetic
20
Q
what nerves innervate digestive tract
A
vagus nerves
21
Q
what nerves innervate the descending colon and rectum
A
plexus nerves
22
Q
function of bile
A
produced by the liver, it emulsifies fats
23
Q
where does chemical digestion occur
A
mouth and small intestine
24
Q
where does mechanical digestion occur
A
stomach
25
why does saliva contribute to chemical digestion?
saliva digests a small amount of starch (salivary amylase) and fat (salivary amylase and lingual lipase)
26
function of parietal cells?
in stomach, make HCl, intrinsic factor, and Ghrelin
27
function of chief cells
in stomach, make pepsinogen and gastric lipade
28
function of kidneys
filter blood plasma and excrete toxic waste.
| also regulate blood volume and pressure, regulate osmolarity, regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance
29
function of urinary system
extract waste from bodily fluids and eliminate them
30
components of renal corpuscle
glomerular capillaries (glomerulus), glomerluar (Bowman's) capsule, podocytes, filtration slits
31
what are on glomerular capsule and wrap around capillaries with foot processes
podocytes
32
each kidney contains about ______ nephrons
1 million
33
waht 2 parts make up the nephron
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
34
what is a renal corpuscle made of (2 things)
globerulus and globerular capsule
35
what extends from the glomular capsule to the collecting duct
renal tubule
36
what consists of a descending and ascending limb
nephron loop
37
the renal tubule consists of:
proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule
38
where does most of nephron reabsorption occur
proximal tubule
39
difference between male and female urinary systems?
urethra length, and male urethra has 3 names depending on where it is
40
3 names of male urethra
prostatic urethra, membraneous urethra, spongey (penile) urethra
41
what is a condition developed from dysfunction of kidneys that may lead to uremia
azotemis
42
what is the most common form of nitrogenous waste excreted, and is excreted by humans
urea
43
what is a hilum
slit in kidney
44
what are the 3 layers of protection of the kidney
renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule
45
what are the 3 layers of the ureter wall and what do they consist of?
mucosa: transitional epithelium
muscularis: multiple layers of smooth muscle
adventitia: connective tissue binding to surrounding organs
46
what % of blood goes through the kidneys
21%
47
what are the penile erectile tissues?
```
coprus spongiosum (only in males)
and coprora cavernosa (both males and females)
```
48
what artery supplies the penile erectile tissue
internal pudendal artery, which branches to dorsal a and deep a
49
what are the steps for follicle development
o Promodial follicle – egg and one layer of follicular cells
o Primary follicle – larger egg, one later of cuboidal follicular cells
o Secondary follicle – larger egg, two or more layers of granulosa cells
o Tertiary follicle – contains fluid-filled pockets pr a single fluid-filled antrum among granulosa cells
o Mature (graafian) follicle – larger blister bulging from ovary; contains cumulus oophorus with zona pellucida as inner layer
o Ovulation of 2ndary oocyte from mature follicle occurs around day 14 of menstrual cycle
o Collapsed follicle becomes corpus luteum
50
what hormone does the corpus luteum produce and is closely related to follicular development
progesterone
51
After the egg is fertilized, _____ produces _____ for how long?
corpus luteum produces progesterone for first 3 months
52
where is the corpus luteum located
in ovaries
53
what things are involved in scrotum temperature regulation
cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, pampiniform plexus
54
what is the cremaster muscle?
internal oblique muscle, elevates testes for warmth
55
what is the dartos muscle
smooth m, wrinkles scrotum, involved in temp regulation
56
what is the pampiniform plexus
a vein network of swpermatic cord
57
what are in the sperm head?
nucleus, acrosome (lysosome), and flagellar basal body
58
what makes up the majority of semen?
seminal vesical fluid
59
how long does it take for sperm to mature
74 days
60
what is the function of the broad ligament of the ovary?
flanks the uterus and encloses the uterine tube in its superior margin
61
what in the function of the suspensor ligament of the ovaries
attaches lateral pole of ovary to the pelvic wall to hold ovary in place
62
while ___ oocytes begin to develop each month, how many finish developing that month?
20-25 begin; 1 finishes
63
when is meiosis II complete
when the egg is fertilized!
64
what is the result of meiosis II
1 haploid egg
65
gonadotropin releasing hormone initiates ____ and causes what hormones to be released?
initiates folliculogenesis; causes FSH and LH to be released
66
where does fertilization occur
uterine tube
67
how long does is take for egg to move down uterine tube
about 3 days
68
what are the sections of the uterus
fundus, body, cervix (cervical canal connects to vagina)
69
what constitutes the uterine wall
perimetrium (external serosa)
myometrium (smooth muscle)
endometrium (functional and basal layers)
70
what is the difference between the functional and basal layers of uterus
functional layer is superficial and is shed with period, basal layer regenreates new lining monthly within uterus for possible embryo
71
what type of tissue is found in small intestine
simple squamous epithelium
72
what type of tissue is found in kidney
simple cubodial epithelium
73
what are the 3 types of cell junctions
tight junction, desmosome, gap junction
74
what type of cell junction allows no fluid to pass between cells and is found between epithelial cells of stomach
tight junction
75
what type of cell junction allows fluid to pass and resists mechanical stress and is found in epidermis
desmosome
76
what type of cell junction allows for rapid signaling between cells and is found in cardiac muscle
gap junctions
77
what are the functions of skin?
protection against bacterial infections or foreign matter; water retention; thermoregulation; vitamin D synthesis; cutanaeous sensation; nonverbal communication
78
what are osteogenic cells
stem cells located in endosteum, inner periosteum, and central canals
79
what are osteoblasts
bone-forming cells
80
what are osteocytes
mature bone cells
81
what are lacunae
cavities that house osteocytes
82
what are canaliculi
small canals that connect lacunae
83
what are osteoclasts
bone-dissolving macrophages
84
function of nucleus
contains chromosomes
85
function of ER
produces phospholipids and proteins; detoxes
86
function of ribosomes
assemble amino acids into proteins
87
function of golgi complex
synthesizes carbs and lipids; packages proteins
88
function of proteasomes organelles
regulates proteins
89
function of lysosomes
clean up cell; apoptosis
90
function of peroxisomes
oxidize fatty acids
91
function of mitochondria
produce ATP
92
function of centrioles
aid in cell division
93
what makes up axial vs. appendicular skeleton
axial: skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
appendicular: upper limbs & pectoral girdle, lower limbs and pelvic girdle
94
function of frontal lobe
cognition, speech, motor control
95
function of perietal lobe
interprets signals of general senses and taste
96
function of occipital lobe
principal visual center
97
function of temporal lobe
hearing, smelling, learning, memory
98
where is primary somatosensory cortex
lies on postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe
99
where is primary motor cortex and what is its function
lies on precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and controls muscles on contralateral side of the body
100
function of wernicke area
responsible for recognition of spoken and written language
101
function of broca area
generates a motor program for muscles to produce speech
102
function of cerebellum
muscular coordination and fine motor control; varied cognitive functions
103
what are intrinsic muscles?
both origin and insertion are contained with a particular region of body (most muscles in hands)
104
describe direct (fleshy) attachment
close association with bone; collagenous fibers of epimysium are continuous with periosteum
105
describe indirect muscle attachment
tendon attaches muscle to bone; connects into periosteum and matrix (most muscles have this)
106
describe aponeurosis
broad sheet of tendon (like IT band)
107
`what is the most common muscle attachment
indirect attachment
108
action of palmar interosseous
adduct (PAD) towards the 3rd digit - unipennate
109
action of dorsal interosseous
abduct (DAB) away from 3rd digit - bipennate
110
action of lumbricals
flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints
111
what are muscles in the anterior leg?
quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris, sartorius, tansor fasciae latae, adductor magnus, pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, gracilis
112
what are the muscles in the posterior leg
hamstring muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus;
adductor magnus, gracilis, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius
113
name layers of muscle from depp to superficial
endomysium, periysium, epimysium, fascia
114
describe endomysium
aeolar CT that wraps each muscle fiber
115
describe perimysium
wraps muscle fibers into a bundle called a fascicle
116
describe epimysium
wraps entire muscle and extends beyond muscle as a tendon
117
describe fascia
wraps a muscle group, separating it from neighboring muscles
118
describe anatomy of nerves
Fibers surrounded by endoneurium. Fibers are in bundles (fascicles), each wrapped in perineurium. Several fascicles bundle together and are wrapped in epineurium
119
what muscles are voluntary and what are involuntary
voluntary: skeletal
involuntary: smooth, cardiac
120
cranial nerve name nmenonic
Oh Oh Oh To Touch A Female Vagina Gave Victor A Hardon
121
sensory, motor, or both for cranial nerves"
some say marry money by my brother says big brains matter more
122
describe parasympathetic innervation
rest and digest responses with calming effects; decreases HR; stimluates digestion and waste elimination
123
describe sympathetic innervation
fight or flight response for increased physical activity; increases HR and blood glucose; reduces blood flow to skin and GI tract
124
what hormones are produced by posterior pituitary
oxytocin and antiduiretic hormone
125
what are the hypothalamic hormones
GRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin
126
what are the anterior pituitary lobe hormones
FSH, LH, TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, PRL, growth hormone
127
what connects the hyopthalamus to the posterior pituitary
hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
128
what have muscarinic receptors
all cardiac and smooth muscle and gland cells, bc they receive cholinergic innervation
129
where do nicotinic receptors occur
synapses where autonomic preganglionic neurons stimulate the postganglionic cells; on cells of the adrenal medulla; and at the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle fibers
130
what does hepatic portal system do?
receives all the blood draining from the abdominal digestive tract, and from pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen.
131
describe hepatic portal system
connects capillaries of the intestine and other digestive organs to modified capillaries of the liver; blood passes thru 2 capillary beds in a series before it returns to the heart
132
what are the principal veins for hepatic portal system
inferior mesenteric, superior mesenteric, splenic, pancreatic, cystic, and L & R gastric veins
133
describe neutrophils
most abundant WBC; phagocytize bacteria and digest them
134
describe eosinophils
2-4% of all leukocytes; number rise in response to allergies, parasitic infections, collagenous diseases,and diseases of the CNS
135
what is the rarest WBC
basophils
136
describe basophils
secrete histamine and herapin
137
what are the agranulocytes?
monocytes and lymphocytes
138
what r the the types of leukocytes
granulocytes and agranulocytes
139
what are the types of granulocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
140
describe monocytes
transform to macrophages after leaving blood, destroy dead or dying host or foreign cells, microorganisms, and foreign matter; display antigens on their surface to alert the immune system to the presence of a specific pathogen
141
what are lymphocytes
t cells, B cells, and natural killer cells
142
functions of respiratory system?
facilitates vocalizations and speech;
provides sense of smell;
pH balance throught elimination of CO2;
lungs contribute to synthesis of angiotensis II, a chem that helps regulate blood pressure;
holding breath while contracting abdeominal muscles helps to expel abdominal contents during urination, defecation, and childbirth
143
function of nose
warms, cleanses, and humidified air and detects odors
144
what are the parts of the nasal conchae
superior, middle, and inferior conchae and meatuses
145
describe the olfactory mucosa
uses sensory cells to detect odors; covers a small areas on the roof of the nasal fossa and adjacent parts of the septum and superior concha
146
what is respiratory epithelium made of, which lines rest of nasal cavity, except vestibule
ciliated pseudostratified respiratory mucosa
147
3 parts of pharynx
nasopharynx, orophrynx, langropharynx
148
what passes thru each part of pharynx
Nasopharynx – auditory/Eustachian tubes
Oropharynx – passageway for food, liquid, and air
Laryngopharynx - air
149
what is aka the voice box
larynx
150
name components involved with larynx
thyorid cartilage, cricoid cart, arytenoid card, vocal cords, vestibular folds, corniculate and cuniform cartilages, epiglottis
151
which larynx cartilage is the largest
thyroid cartilage
152
which larynx cartilage is inferiod to thyroid
cricoid cartilage
153
which larynx cartliage is superior to cricoid cartilage in posterior wall of larynx
arytenoid cartilage
154
what 2 cartilages are on the posterior, superior edge of larynx
corniculate and cuniform cartilages
155
what protects the opening of the larynx
epiglottis
156
describe lower respiratory tract
extends from trachea to pulmonary alveoli
157
what is known as the windpipe
trachea
158
what do the c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage do
support the trachea
159
what lines the trachea
pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains ciliated cells and goblet cells
160
what innervates bronchioles in a state of relaxation, and to what effect
parasympathetic nervous system, it keeps bronchioles partly constricted
161
what innervates bronchioles and what does it do to them during exercise
sympathetic nerves dialate bronchioles and increase airflow
162
what does the pleurae include
visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural fluid
163
where is visceral pleura
on lung surface
164
where is parietal pleura
on inner surface of rib cage
165
where is pleural fluid found
in potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae
166
what are the functions of the pleurae
reduce friction when lungs expand and contract;
create a pressure gradient that faciliates the movement of air;
compartmentalize thoracic organs and help prevent spread of infection
167
what is the prime respiratory muscle and what does it do
diaphragm, expands thoracic cavity
168
what are the chemoreceptors tha tmonitor pH and CO2 and O2 concentrations in the blood and CSF
aortic and carotid bodies and central chemoreceptors near the surface of the medulla oblongata
169
what monitor inflation of the lungs
stretch receptors
170
what does excessive inflation trigger
inhibition of inspiration
171
what nerve passes sensory signals from the respiratory mucosa to the inspiratory center, and what stimulates these signals
`vagus nerve; irritants such as dust, smoke, or food and drink that are aspirated to the larynx
172
what does the vagal reflex result in
coughing or sneezing
173
where are efferent ductules in male reproductive system and what is their function
posterior testis; carry sperm to epididymis
174
describe epididymis parts and function
has head, body, and tail;
| sperm storage and maturation
175
describe ductus vas deferens and its function
long tube with smooth m in wall;
| ampulla is widened last portion
176
describe ejaculatory duct
passes thru prostate gland and empties into urethra
177
what are a pair of male reproductive glands that are posterior to bladder and empty into ejaculatory duct
seminal vesicles
178
what surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts and empties into urethra
prostate gland
179
what are a pair of glands near base of penis that secrete clear fluid that neutralizes urethra and lubricates head
bulbourethral glands
180
what are the parts of the penis
internal root, shaft, glans - head, prepuce (foreskin), erectile tissue
181
what is the broad ligament composed of
mesosalpinx and mesometrium
182
where does fertilization occur
uterine tube
183
how long does it take for egg to move down uterine tube
about 3 days
184
what produce sperm
testis
185
what is the uterus
a muscular chamber superior to the vagina for nourishment, protection, and delivery of fetus
186
what part of the ovaries contains the egg
cortex with ovarian follicles
