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human anatomy final > Adv Human Anatomy Final > Flashcards

Adv Human Anatomy Final Flashcards

1
Q

what contributes to the surface area of the digestive system, esp small intestine

A

circular folds in the duodenum of small intestine, villi, and mircovilli

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2
Q

what are lacteals

A

lymphatic capillaries that absorb most dietary lipids

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3
Q

what are mesenteries

A

connective tissue sheets holding abdominal viscera in place

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4
Q

what are the posterior and anterior mesenteries?

A

2-layered membranes that may hang freely or connect organs together or to abdominal wall

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5
Q

extends from the lesser curvature of stomach to the liver

A

lesser omentum

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6
Q

what hangs like an apron from stomach’s greater curvature

A

greater omentum

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7
Q

what is the mseocolon

A

the mesentery of the colon

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8
Q

what are the components, in order, of the GI tract?

A

Teeth, oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, deudonum, jejunum, ileum, ilealcecal valve, cecum (with appendix connecting to it), ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, anal canal, anus

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9
Q

function of the colon

A

absorption of water and compaction of undigested material

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10
Q

function of mouth/oral cavity

A

ingestion, taste, mastication, some chemical digestion, swallowing, speech, respiration

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11
Q

function of esophagus

A

carry food to stomach

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12
Q

function of stomach

A

primarily food stoarge and mechanical breakdown of food to produce chyme

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13
Q

function of small intestine

A

nearly all chemical digestion and nutrient absroption

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14
Q

function of large intestine

A

absorption of water and compation of undigested material

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15
Q

what arteries supply foregut

A

esophageal arteries and celiac trunk

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16
Q

what vessel supplies midgut

A

superior mesenteric artery

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17
Q

what artery supplies hindgut?

A

inferior mesenteric artery

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18
Q

blood from the entire tract below the diaphragm drains into ?

A

hepatic portal system/vein

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19
Q

what type of innervation dominates digestive tract?

A

parasympathetic

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20
Q

what nerves innervate digestive tract

A

vagus nerves

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21
Q

what nerves innervate the descending colon and rectum

A

plexus nerves

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22
Q

function of bile

A

produced by the liver, it emulsifies fats

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23
Q

where does chemical digestion occur

A

mouth and small intestine

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24
Q

where does mechanical digestion occur

A

stomach

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25
Q

why does saliva contribute to chemical digestion?

A

saliva digests a small amount of starch (salivary amylase) and fat (salivary amylase and lingual lipase)

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26
Q

function of parietal cells?

A

in stomach, make HCl, intrinsic factor, and Ghrelin

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27
Q

function of chief cells

A

in stomach, make pepsinogen and gastric lipade

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28
Q

function of kidneys

A

filter blood plasma and excrete toxic waste.

also regulate blood volume and pressure, regulate osmolarity, regulate electrolyte and acid-base balance

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29
Q

function of urinary system

A

extract waste from bodily fluids and eliminate them

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30
Q

components of renal corpuscle

A

glomerular capillaries (glomerulus), glomerluar (Bowman’s) capsule, podocytes, filtration slits

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31
Q

what are on glomerular capsule and wrap around capillaries with foot processes

A

podocytes

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32
Q

each kidney contains about ______ nephrons

A

1 million

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33
Q

waht 2 parts make up the nephron

A

renal corpuscle and renal tubule

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34
Q

what is a renal corpuscle made of (2 things)

A

globerulus and globerular capsule

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35
Q

what extends from the glomular capsule to the collecting duct

A

renal tubule

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36
Q

what consists of a descending and ascending limb

A

nephron loop

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37
Q

the renal tubule consists of:

A

proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, distal convoluted tubule

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38
Q

where does most of nephron reabsorption occur

A

proximal tubule

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39
Q

difference between male and female urinary systems?

A

urethra length, and male urethra has 3 names depending on where it is

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40
Q

3 names of male urethra

A

prostatic urethra, membraneous urethra, spongey (penile) urethra

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41
Q

what is a condition developed from dysfunction of kidneys that may lead to uremia

A

azotemis

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42
Q

what is the most common form of nitrogenous waste excreted, and is excreted by humans

A

urea

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43
Q

what is a hilum

A

slit in kidney

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44
Q

what are the 3 layers of protection of the kidney

A

renal fascia, perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule

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45
Q

what are the 3 layers of the ureter wall and what do they consist of?

A

mucosa: transitional epithelium
muscularis: multiple layers of smooth muscle
adventitia: connective tissue binding to surrounding organs

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46
Q

what % of blood goes through the kidneys

A

21%

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47
Q

what are the penile erectile tissues?

A 
coprus spongiosum (only in males)
and coprora cavernosa (both males and females)
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48
Q

what artery supplies the penile erectile tissue

A

internal pudendal artery, which branches to dorsal a and deep a

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49
Q

what are the steps for follicle development

A

o Promodial follicle – egg and one layer of follicular cells
o Primary follicle – larger egg, one later of cuboidal follicular cells
o Secondary follicle – larger egg, two or more layers of granulosa cells
o Tertiary follicle – contains fluid-filled pockets pr a single fluid-filled antrum among granulosa cells
o Mature (graafian) follicle – larger blister bulging from ovary; contains cumulus oophorus with zona pellucida as inner layer
o Ovulation of 2ndary oocyte from mature follicle occurs around day 14 of menstrual cycle
o Collapsed follicle becomes corpus luteum

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50
Q

what hormone does the corpus luteum produce and is closely related to follicular development

A

progesterone

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51
Q

After the egg is fertilized, _____ produces _____ for how long?

A

corpus luteum produces progesterone for first 3 months

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52
Q

where is the corpus luteum located

A

in ovaries

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53
Q

what things are involved in scrotum temperature regulation

A

cremaster muscle, dartos muscle, pampiniform plexus

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54
Q

what is the cremaster muscle?

A

internal oblique muscle, elevates testes for warmth

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55
Q

what is the dartos muscle

A

smooth m, wrinkles scrotum, involved in temp regulation

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56
Q

what is the pampiniform plexus

A

a vein network of swpermatic cord

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57
Q

what are in the sperm head?

A

nucleus, acrosome (lysosome), and flagellar basal body

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58
Q

what makes up the majority of semen?

A

seminal vesical fluid

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59
Q

how long does it take for sperm to mature

A

74 days

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60
Q

what is the function of the broad ligament of the ovary?

A

flanks the uterus and encloses the uterine tube in its superior margin

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61
Q

what in the function of the suspensor ligament of the ovaries

A

attaches lateral pole of ovary to the pelvic wall to hold ovary in place

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62
Q

while ___ oocytes begin to develop each month, how many finish developing that month?

A

20-25 begin; 1 finishes

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63
Q

when is meiosis II complete

A

when the egg is fertilized!

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64
Q

what is the result of meiosis II

A

1 haploid egg

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65
Q

gonadotropin releasing hormone initiates ____ and causes what hormones to be released?

A

initiates folliculogenesis; causes FSH and LH to be released

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66
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

uterine tube

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67
Q

how long does is take for egg to move down uterine tube

A

about 3 days

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68
Q

what are the sections of the uterus

A

fundus, body, cervix (cervical canal connects to vagina)

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69
Q

what constitutes the uterine wall

A

perimetrium (external serosa)
myometrium (smooth muscle)
endometrium (functional and basal layers)

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70
Q

what is the difference between the functional and basal layers of uterus

A

functional layer is superficial and is shed with period, basal layer regenreates new lining monthly within uterus for possible embryo

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71
Q

what type of tissue is found in small intestine

A

simple squamous epithelium

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72
Q

what type of tissue is found in kidney

A

simple cubodial epithelium

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73
Q

what are the 3 types of cell junctions

A

tight junction, desmosome, gap junction

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74
Q

what type of cell junction allows no fluid to pass between cells and is found between epithelial cells of stomach

A

tight junction

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75
Q

what type of cell junction allows fluid to pass and resists mechanical stress and is found in epidermis

A

desmosome

76
Q

what type of cell junction allows for rapid signaling between cells and is found in cardiac muscle

A

gap junctions

77
Q

what are the functions of skin?

A

protection against bacterial infections or foreign matter; water retention; thermoregulation; vitamin D synthesis; cutanaeous sensation; nonverbal communication

78
Q

what are osteogenic cells

A

stem cells located in endosteum, inner periosteum, and central canals

79
Q

what are osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

80
Q

what are osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

81
Q

what are lacunae

A

cavities that house osteocytes

82
Q

what are canaliculi

A

small canals that connect lacunae

83
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

bone-dissolving macrophages

84
Q

function of nucleus

A

contains chromosomes

85
Q

function of ER

A

produces phospholipids and proteins; detoxes

86
Q

function of ribosomes

A

assemble amino acids into proteins

87
Q

function of golgi complex

A

synthesizes carbs and lipids; packages proteins

88
Q

function of proteasomes organelles

A

regulates proteins

89
Q

function of lysosomes

A

clean up cell; apoptosis

90
Q

function of peroxisomes

A

oxidize fatty acids

91
Q

function of mitochondria

A

produce ATP

92
Q

function of centrioles

A

aid in cell division

93
Q

what makes up axial vs. appendicular skeleton

A

axial: skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage
appendicular: upper limbs & pectoral girdle, lower limbs and pelvic girdle

94
Q

function of frontal lobe

A

cognition, speech, motor control

95
Q

function of perietal lobe

A

interprets signals of general senses and taste

96
Q

function of occipital lobe

A

principal visual center

97
Q

function of temporal lobe

A

hearing, smelling, learning, memory

98
Q

where is primary somatosensory cortex

A

lies on postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe

99
Q

where is primary motor cortex and what is its function

A

lies on precentral gyrus of frontal lobe and controls muscles on contralateral side of the body

100
Q

function of wernicke area

A

responsible for recognition of spoken and written language

101
Q

function of broca area

A

generates a motor program for muscles to produce speech

102
Q

function of cerebellum

A

muscular coordination and fine motor control; varied cognitive functions

103
Q

what are intrinsic muscles?

A

both origin and insertion are contained with a particular region of body (most muscles in hands)

104
Q

describe direct (fleshy) attachment

A

close association with bone; collagenous fibers of epimysium are continuous with periosteum

105
Q

describe indirect muscle attachment

A

tendon attaches muscle to bone; connects into periosteum and matrix (most muscles have this)

106
Q

describe aponeurosis

A

broad sheet of tendon (like IT band)

107
Q

`what is the most common muscle attachment

A

indirect attachment

108
Q

action of palmar interosseous

A

adduct (PAD) towards the 3rd digit - unipennate

109
Q

action of dorsal interosseous

A

abduct (DAB) away from 3rd digit - bipennate

110
Q

action of lumbricals

A

flex the metacarpophalangeal joints and extend the interphalangeal joints

111
Q

what are muscles in the anterior leg?

A

quadriceps femoris: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, rectus femoris, sartorius, tansor fasciae latae, adductor magnus, pectineus, adductor brevis, adductor longus, gracilis

112
Q

what are the muscles in the posterior leg

A

hamstring muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus;
adductor magnus, gracilis, vastus lateralis, gastrocnemius

113
Q

name layers of muscle from depp to superficial

A

endomysium, periysium, epimysium, fascia

114
Q

describe endomysium

A

aeolar CT that wraps each muscle fiber

115
Q

describe perimysium

A

wraps muscle fibers into a bundle called a fascicle

116
Q

describe epimysium

A

wraps entire muscle and extends beyond muscle as a tendon

117
Q

describe fascia

A

wraps a muscle group, separating it from neighboring muscles

118
Q

describe anatomy of nerves

A

Fibers surrounded by endoneurium. Fibers are in bundles (fascicles), each wrapped in perineurium. Several fascicles bundle together and are wrapped in epineurium

119
Q

what muscles are voluntary and what are involuntary

A

voluntary: skeletal
involuntary: smooth, cardiac

120
Q

cranial nerve name nmenonic

A

Oh Oh Oh To Touch A Female Vagina Gave Victor A Hardon

121
Q

sensory, motor, or both for cranial nerves”

A

some say marry money by my brother says big brains matter more

122
Q

describe parasympathetic innervation

A

rest and digest responses with calming effects; decreases HR; stimluates digestion and waste elimination

123
Q

describe sympathetic innervation

A

fight or flight response for increased physical activity; increases HR and blood glucose; reduces blood flow to skin and GI tract

124
Q

what hormones are produced by posterior pituitary

A

oxytocin and antiduiretic hormone

125
Q

what are the hypothalamic hormones

A

GRH, thyrotropin-releasing hormone, Prolactin-inhibiting hormone, growth hormone releasing hormone, somatostatin

126
Q

what are the anterior pituitary lobe hormones

A

FSH, LH, TSH, adrenocorticotropic hormone, PRL, growth hormone

127
Q

what connects the hyopthalamus to the posterior pituitary

A

hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract

128
Q

what have muscarinic receptors

A

all cardiac and smooth muscle and gland cells, bc they receive cholinergic innervation

129
Q

where do nicotinic receptors occur

A

synapses where autonomic preganglionic neurons stimulate the postganglionic cells; on cells of the adrenal medulla; and at the neuromuscular junctions of skeletal muscle fibers

130
Q

what does hepatic portal system do?

A

receives all the blood draining from the abdominal digestive tract, and from pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen.

131
Q

describe hepatic portal system

A

connects capillaries of the intestine and other digestive organs to modified capillaries of the liver; blood passes thru 2 capillary beds in a series before it returns to the heart

132
Q

what are the principal veins for hepatic portal system

A

inferior mesenteric, superior mesenteric, splenic, pancreatic, cystic, and L & R gastric veins

133
Q

describe neutrophils

A

most abundant WBC; phagocytize bacteria and digest them

134
Q

describe eosinophils

A

2-4% of all leukocytes; number rise in response to allergies, parasitic infections, collagenous diseases,and diseases of the CNS

135
Q

what is the rarest WBC

A

basophils

136
Q

describe basophils

A

secrete histamine and herapin

137
Q

what are the agranulocytes?

A

monocytes and lymphocytes

138
Q

what r the the types of leukocytes

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

139
Q

what are the types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

140
Q

describe monocytes

A

transform to macrophages after leaving blood, destroy dead or dying host or foreign cells, microorganisms, and foreign matter; display antigens on their surface to alert the immune system to the presence of a specific pathogen

141
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

t cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

142
Q

functions of respiratory system?

A

facilitates vocalizations and speech;
provides sense of smell;
pH balance throught elimination of CO2;
lungs contribute to synthesis of angiotensis II, a chem that helps regulate blood pressure;
holding breath while contracting abdeominal muscles helps to expel abdominal contents during urination, defecation, and childbirth

143
Q

function of nose

A

warms, cleanses, and humidified air and detects odors

144
Q

what are the parts of the nasal conchae

A

superior, middle, and inferior conchae and meatuses

145
Q

describe the olfactory mucosa

A

uses sensory cells to detect odors; covers a small areas on the roof of the nasal fossa and adjacent parts of the septum and superior concha

146
Q

what is respiratory epithelium made of, which lines rest of nasal cavity, except vestibule

A

ciliated pseudostratified respiratory mucosa

147
Q

3 parts of pharynx

A

nasopharynx, orophrynx, langropharynx

148
Q

what passes thru each part of pharynx

A

Nasopharynx – auditory/Eustachian tubes
Oropharynx – passageway for food, liquid, and air
Laryngopharynx - air

149
Q

what is aka the voice box

A

larynx

150
Q

name components involved with larynx

A

thyorid cartilage, cricoid cart, arytenoid card, vocal cords, vestibular folds, corniculate and cuniform cartilages, epiglottis

151
Q

which larynx cartilage is the largest

A

thyroid cartilage

152
Q

which larynx cartilage is inferiod to thyroid

A

cricoid cartilage

153
Q

which larynx cartliage is superior to cricoid cartilage in posterior wall of larynx

A

arytenoid cartilage

154
Q

what 2 cartilages are on the posterior, superior edge of larynx

A

corniculate and cuniform cartilages

155
Q

what protects the opening of the larynx

A

epiglottis

156
Q

describe lower respiratory tract

A

extends from trachea to pulmonary alveoli

157
Q

what is known as the windpipe

A

trachea

158
Q

what do the c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage do

A

support the trachea

159
Q

what lines the trachea

A

pseudostratified columnar epithelium that contains ciliated cells and goblet cells

160
Q

what innervates bronchioles in a state of relaxation, and to what effect

A

parasympathetic nervous system, it keeps bronchioles partly constricted

161
Q

what innervates bronchioles and what does it do to them during exercise

A

sympathetic nerves dialate bronchioles and increase airflow

162
Q

what does the pleurae include

A

visceral pleura, parietal pleura, pleural fluid

163
Q

where is visceral pleura

A

on lung surface

164
Q

where is parietal pleura

A

on inner surface of rib cage

165
Q

where is pleural fluid found

A

in potential space between visceral and parietal pleurae

166
Q

what are the functions of the pleurae

A

reduce friction when lungs expand and contract;
create a pressure gradient that faciliates the movement of air;
compartmentalize thoracic organs and help prevent spread of infection

167
Q

what is the prime respiratory muscle and what does it do

A

diaphragm, expands thoracic cavity

168
Q

what are the chemoreceptors tha tmonitor pH and CO2 and O2 concentrations in the blood and CSF

A

aortic and carotid bodies and central chemoreceptors near the surface of the medulla oblongata

169
Q

what monitor inflation of the lungs

A

stretch receptors

170
Q

what does excessive inflation trigger

A

inhibition of inspiration

171
Q

what nerve passes sensory signals from the respiratory mucosa to the inspiratory center, and what stimulates these signals

A

`vagus nerve; irritants such as dust, smoke, or food and drink that are aspirated to the larynx

172
Q

what does the vagal reflex result in

A

coughing or sneezing

173
Q

where are efferent ductules in male reproductive system and what is their function

A

posterior testis; carry sperm to epididymis

174
Q

describe epididymis parts and function

A

has head, body, and tail;

sperm storage and maturation

175
Q

describe ductus vas deferens and its function

A

long tube with smooth m in wall;

ampulla is widened last portion

176
Q

describe ejaculatory duct

A

passes thru prostate gland and empties into urethra

177
Q

what are a pair of male reproductive glands that are posterior to bladder and empty into ejaculatory duct

A

seminal vesicles

178
Q

what surrounds urethra and ejaculatory ducts and empties into urethra

A

prostate gland

179
Q

what are a pair of glands near base of penis that secrete clear fluid that neutralizes urethra and lubricates head

A

bulbourethral glands

180
Q

what are the parts of the penis

A

internal root, shaft, glans - head, prepuce (foreskin), erectile tissue

181
Q

what is the broad ligament composed of

A

mesosalpinx and mesometrium

182
Q

where does fertilization occur

A

uterine tube

183
Q

how long does it take for egg to move down uterine tube

A

about 3 days

184
Q

what produce sperm

A

testis

185
Q

what is the uterus

A

a muscular chamber superior to the vagina for nourishment, protection, and delivery of fetus

186
Q

what part of the ovaries contains the egg

A

cortex with ovarian follicles

human anatomy final (1 decks)

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