Adv higher Graphic Communications Flashcards
Study
What are the different surveys
Underground, topographical, drainage, feature
What are topographical surveys used for
To analyse landscapes
Directions of waterways
Adjacent land use for roads
What are underground surveys used for
Geology
Soil composition
Depth of bedrock
Water table
Mine workings
Previous land use
Any harmful materials
What are feature surveys used for
To locate positions of walkways, access areas & walking routes
To determine access by foot, car or public transport
Consideration of different users
What are drainage surveys used for
Possible areas for new drainage channels
Inter connectivity with existing drains
Where man holes should be positioned
What are the different built environment job types
Building surveyor, conservationist, quantity surveyor, landscape architect, architect, construction trades (e.g roofer, brick layer, joiner, taper, painter and decorator) , structural engineer, interior designer, town planner, model maker, civil engineer.
Building surveyor
Measures buildings
investigate conditions (rot/cracks/subsidence) of an existing building
Produces measured drawings of existing buildings prior to any design or construction
Conservationist
Material characteristics/ colours so they can make sure they fit with the guidelines
Check materials came from sustainable sources
quantity surveyor
Finds how much the building costs using: types of materials
Number/ types of fixtures (doors/windows)
Quantities of materials
architect
Produces a 3D CAD model and orthographic drawings
Interior designer
May produce CAD models, use photoshop to edit images, materials and texture sampling, mood boards
Construction trades
Builders, plumber, electricians, brick layers, joiners, roofers, they interpret architects drawings.
Town planner
Review any drawings to determine the suitability of the proposed development on the given site.
Model maker
Requires plan sections and elevation to build scale models of proposed buildings
Communities
Uses location and site plan sections and elevations to assess the impact on the local community
The general public
Promotional materials (ads, brochures)
Supplier
Uses 2D production drawings for info of materials and sizes/ amount.
Who creates the drawings for developing buildings
Architect, interior designer, architectural technician, quantity surveyor, model maker
Who makes use of the drawings for developing buildings
Construction trades, conservation body, prospective purchases, supplier, town planner, communities, the general public
What are the advantages and disadvantages of motion tweening
Advantages
- the file size is smaller
- specify a start and end and it will make the in between frames
Disadvantages
- provides less control on animations
- does not look realistic
What are the advantages and disadvantages of motion capture
Advantages
- creates a realistic animation
- rapid/ real time results can be achieved
Disadvantages
-expense of outsourcing the process or investing in specialist equipment and / or software
- significant post processing operations required.
What are the advantages and disadvantages of stop frame
Advantages
- the resources needed are easily accessible
- as models are made from plasticine they don’t need to be perfectly made because of the style in which they are made
Disadvantages
- time consuming
- making sure lighting and angle are the same
types of transitions
blend/fade
zoom
overlays
What is bump mapping
The ability to create complex scenes and environments in the gaming and architectural industries
Bump maps are grayscale textures you map to objects, to create the illusion of surface relief on an otherwise flat object.
Texture mapping
The production of realistic renderings which enhance the realism of a 3D CAD model.
Allows the designer or customer to visualise the finished product
A texture map is the application of a 2D image/colour to the surface of a 3D object
What are the advantages and disadvantages of offset lithography
Advantages of offset lithography
Consistent high image quality
quick and easy production of printing
low Cost to run
Disadvantages of offset lithography
High set up cost
What are the advantages and disadvantages of ink jet printers
Advantages of ink jet
Lower cost
Doesn’t require time to heat
Disadvantages of ink jet
The cartridges are expensive
It’s slower than a laser printer
You have to wait till the documents dry which can delay delivery process
What are the advantages and disadvantages of screen printing
Advantages of screen printing
It doesn’t have to be printed under pressure
The substrate doesn’t have to be planar (flat so can be printed on a t-shirt for example)
comparatively low cost
Disadvantages of screen printing
Each colour in your design requires a different stencil
limited colour range
What are the advantages and disadvantages of laser printing
Advantages of laser printing
Generate crisp clear and repeated images on various materials (paper, cardboard, plastic, metal printing plates)
they are quiet and print very quickly, can reach speeds of 60 pages per minute
Disadvantages of laser printing
More expensive
Requires time to heat up before printing
What are the advantages and disadvantages of solid ink systems
Advantages of solid ink systems
More environmentally friendly due to reduced waste output
Excellent print quality
Much less sensitive to changes in media than coloured laser printers
Disadvantages of solid ink systems
Solid contaminants in ink blocks can clog print head nozzles and may require costly print head replacement
What are the advantages and disadvantages of Wide format printing.
Advantages of wide format printing
Can print roll with a width of between 18” and 100” (457.2mm to 2540mm)
Provides users with a high level of flexibility to print of nearly any type of substrate
Use UV cured, fade resistant inks formulated to withstand outdoor extremes
Disadvantages of wide format printing
Wide format printers and material can be expensive, especially for large or high quality prints
While wide-format printers can handle various materials, the choice of media is still somewhat limited, particularly for certain applications (e.g., specialized textures or finishes).
What are the advantages of raster images
Raster images can capture intricate details, making them ideal for photographs and complex graphics
Supported by almost all digital platforms and image editing software
Can display millions of colours , making them excellent for realistic and vivid visuals
Allows precise pixel level editing in software like adobe illustrator
What files are raster
BITMAP (BMP)
JPEG
TIFF
PNG
GIF
EPS
HDRI
MOV
MPEG
VMRL
AVI
WMV
What are the advantages of vector images
Vector graphics can be resized infinitely without losing quality
They are usually smaller in size compared to raster images
Maintain sharpness and clarity at any size or resolution
Individual elements can be modified independently
What files are vector
AI
SVG
EPS
PDF
DXF
STL
DWG
STEP
IGES
What files can store audio, video and animation
Audio and video:
WMV, AVI, 3GP, MOV, MPEG
animation:
GIF
What is DPI
dots per square inch
300 dpi is a picture ready copy
Benefits of DXF file format
3D CAD file format
It’s a vector file format so it has benefits of vectors
- smaller file size
- resized infinitely without losing quality
Bitmap file type
BMP is simpler than a jpeg and is usually better suited to
non realistic photos
AI
Adobe illustrator file type, vector files, specially created to work well with adobe software
WMV
Windows media video; compressed video format designed for windows
AVI
Audio video interleave, multimedia ( music and video)
Stand alone file type
works on almost every platform
Saves documents exactly as shown therefore removes need for compatible software.
Can reduce file size of images
3GP
Third generation partnership multi media
Multimedia file container format used by 3G compatible mobile phones and devices
MOV
Advantages
- high quality video and audio
- ideal for video editing
- supports multiple data types in one file
Disadvantages
- Large file sizes due to high quality
- May require specific software to open on non apple devices
MPEG
Advantages
- small file sizes
- good quality
- wide compatibility
Disadvantages
- lossy compression ( quality can be lost during compression)
- not ideal for editing
EPS
Advantages
- scalable
- high quality
- widely supported
Disadvantages
- large file size
- limited editing
STL
Advantages
- simple format
- compatibility
- efficient storage
Disadvantages
- no details beyond shapes
- large models can be complex
DWG
Advantages
- widely supported
- high detail
- editable
Disadvantages
- software dependency
- large file sizes
- proprietary format
VRML
Advantages
- cross platform compatibility
- lightweight
- interactive features
Disadvantages
- outdated format
- limited detail
- requires special viewers.
SVG
Advantages
- scalability
- small file size
- easy to edit
- high quality graphics
- supports transparency
- interactivity and animation
Disadvantages
- complexity with detailed images
- browser compatibility
- not ideal for complex photos
PNG
Advantages
- lossless compression
- transparency support
- high quality images
- widely supported
Disadvantages
- large file sizes
- not ideal for photographs
GIF
Advantages
- wide compatibility
- small file size for simple graphics
- animation support ( display a short animation)
Disadvantages
- limited colours (only has 256 colours(8-bit) makes them unstable for high quality images)
- large files for animations (if they include many high quality images)
- no sound support (limits their functionality for multimedia application)
TIFF
Advantages
- excellent for editing (no loss In quality)
- print ready (supports CMYK palette and high res images)
- archival use (used for storing and archiving digital images due to their high quality and versatility)
- wide software support
Disadvantages
- large file size (because of high quality data)
- not ideal for online use (not supported by web browsers)
- complexity
JPEG
Advantages
- small file size
- high colour fidelity (24 bit colour depth)
- widely compatible (supported across all platforms)
Disadvantages
- no transparency or layers
- not ideal for text or simple graphics
- limited for printing
HDRI
Advantages
- enhanced realism
- retains detail in highlights and shadows
- widely used in visual effects ( realistic cgi in movies, video games and architectural visualisation)
Disadvantages
- large file size
- specialised software required
-limited display capabilities (most standard devices cannot display the dynamic range of HDRI files
STEP
advantages
- cross platform compatibility
- versatility (supports complex assemblies, individual parts
and metadata)
-widely used (supported by almost all cad applications)
Disadvantages
- large file size
- limited editability (often needed to be imported and converted into a specific CAD program)
- no direct rendering (not suitable for rendering or visualisation without conversion into formats like OBJ or STL)
.IGES
advantages
- cross platform compatibility
- versatility
- long history of use (established as an industry standard, IGES is supported by most CAD tools,)
Disadvantages
- outdated format (older and has been replaced by STEP)
- no parametric data (lacks support for parametric or feature based modelling, limiting their usefulness for editing modern CAD programs)
- potential data loss (complex models may lose details or features during the translation process)
What are the different types of lighting
Ambient, point, area, directional, spot
ambient lighting
Ambient lighting applies a fixed amount of light intensity and colour to everything.
Ambient lighting doesn’t appear to have a source.
point lighting
A point light casts rays in every direction from a single source
Used to simulate candles, Christmas tree lights and lamps fixed on walls
area lighting
Can subtly make the animation lighter
spot lighting
Often used to simulate light fixtures
directional lighting
Often used to simulate sunlight
Directional rays go parallel in a single direction
Volumetrics
A volume light casts rays in all directions from a specific point, similar to an omni / point light
It has a defined shape (geometric primitive) and size
Illuminates only surfaces within its set volume
Creates effects like smoke, fog and atmospheric visuals
Specularity
Referred to as the highlight of materials
Small rings of light reflection
Affects the glossiness of materials
Image based lighting
Popular technique for simulating lighting in CAD rendering
Requires capturing a panoramic photo
The photo is wrapped around a sphere in 3D software and the model is placed in the centre of the sphere
Lighting is based on the illumination of the lighting levels and positions of the photograph
The model is rendered using lighting for realistic effects
What are the DTP edits
Line, texture, shape, colour, value, size, weight, mass, dominance, alignment, depth, unity, white space
What are the D E&P
Balance, rhythm, depth, proximity, alignment, unity, emphasis, dominance, white space, grid structure, contrast, typography, pace, focal point, silhouettes, golden ratio, rule of thirds, dynamic effect, radial balance, negative space.
Line
Can break up a poster to create emphasis
Can lead your eye to main points on the poster
Alignment
Can improve layout and structure of a poster
Dominance
Largest thing on the page
Eye catching
Creates a focal point
Shape
Organise information through connection and separation
Symbolise different ideas
Create movement, depth and texture
Create mood and atmosphere
Colour
Harmonious colours - creates unity
Contrasting colours - makes areas stand out
Creates unity and depth
Creates visual interest
Different colours represent different moods
Mass
Mass is size
A heading that has been bold with carry a greater mass than other possible headings
Line and colour can add mass by their thickness and size
Weight
A small brochure can have a great deal of mass through use of heavy text and graphic elements
A larger brochure can appear smaller, lighter by using text and graphics sparingly
Value
Creates emphasis
How light or dark a specific design is
Creates mood and atmosphere
Unity
Unity gives the reader visual clues telling them which parts of the layout are connected
Closely linked to the repetition of colour, shapes and textures but can also be gained through structure, grouping and typography
Depth
Makes things stand out from a page
Eye catching elements
Using drop shadow will put emphasis on the heading
Using drop cap lets the reader know where to start reading
White space
Refers to space left between different elements of your design it is also referred as negative space.
Splits a design up making it more legible and easy to comprehend
Adds emphasis to certain elements
Texture
Creates unity by linking one item to another
Can be subtle or pronounced, used liberally or sparingly.
Balance
Symmetry - same on both sides
- the designer can communicate stability and strength
-traditional use or conservative piece, used by banks, lawyers and medical profession documents.
Asymmetrical - number of element’s arranged on one side
- more dynamic as the designer can create tension, express movement, contrast, variety or convey mood and atmosphere
Rhythm
Key aspects are repetition (repeated use of a dtp element and number) and Variation (change in size, placement or style)
Proximity
Allows information to be presented a lot quicker and easier
Can be used to guide the reader around the publication
Grid structure
Speeds up the design process by helping decide where content should be placed rather than where it could be placed.
Helps structure a graphic
Contrast
Common contrasts:
Size
- Having a contrast of size creates visual interest in the composition
-Helps establish key elements
Colour
- makes things standout
Shape
- can break up the graphic and make things standout
- creates visual appeal, used to draw attention to a specific message
Typeface
- creates variation and unity
Typography
Typography is about making things legible and readable
serif:
Moods associated with serif typefaces are classic, elegant, formal, confident and established
sans serif:
Moods associated with Sans serif are modern, friendly, direct, clean and minimal
Pace
The speed in which a dtp item would have the reader engaged
Things like celeb mags, comic strips, road billboards and movie posters will have a fast pace whereas things like business articles, medical leaflets, newspapers and instructional leaflets will have a slower page
Focal point
A focal point is a centre of interest in a layout. It tends to be the thing that your eye is drawn to.
Silhouette
Can help create a simple and minimalistic design
Can help achieve an effective structure
Can be used to separate element’s to add emphasis
Rule of thirds
Used as a layout guide
Important information is placed on the intersecting lines to create strong focal points
Golden ratio
Used as a layout guide to make a certain aspect of it stand out
Creates an appealing format in a design
Dynamic effect
Designers often use Dynamic Effects to exaggerate and emphasise a graphic /
photograph.
Creates visual interest in a photo
The use of 3D effects
Radial balance
Occurs when elements radiate out of a central point
Allows you to instantly create a focal point.
Negative space
Makes use of empty space within a layout
Creates emphasis on elements
What is CMYK
Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Key (black)
What are Pantone colours
Pantone colours are a standardise system of colour identification and matching developed by Pantone inc. using unique codes to ensure consistent colour reproduction across all industries like printing, fashion, design, and manufacturing
How to 3d print something
- Convert into an STL file
2.import into 3d printer software then ground it
3.build up your supports - organic - Choose your finish on materials
FEA
Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is a computerized method used to predict how a product will respond to real-world physical forces such as stress, vibration, heat, and fluid flow. It evaluates whether a product will function as designed, fail, or wear out under specific conditions.
-change the material to improve strength
-change the design to reduce stress
CFD
- how aerodynamic something is
- Can simulate blood flow - used by the nhs
- blockage in a pipe
- corrosion of material
