Adult Psychopathology

Question 1

What are the three defining features of a psychological disorder?

Answer 1

Psychological Dysfunction
Distress or Impairment
Atypical Response

Question 2

The scientific study of psychological disorders

Answer 2

psychopathology

Question 3

Clinical psychologists and counseling psychologists

Answer 3

receive the Ph.D., doctor of philosophy, degree
(or sometimes an Ed.D., doctor of education, or Psy.D., doctor of psychology) and follow a course have worked on a
of graduate-level study lasting approximately 5 years, which prepares them to conduct research into
the causes and treatment of psychological disorders and to diagnose, assess, and treat these disorders

Question 4

clinical psychologists usually concentrate on more severe psychological disorders.

Answer 4

Clinical psychologist

Question 5

tend to study and treat adjustment and vocational

issues encountered by relatively healthy individuals

Answer 5

counseling psychologist

Question 6

investigate the nature and causes of
psychological disorders, often from a biological point of view; make diagnoses; and offer treatments.
earn an M.D. degree in medical school & residency training for 3-4 years

Answer 6

psychiatrist

Question 7

collecting information relevant to the social and family situation of the individual with a psychological
disorder.
also treat disorders, often concentrating on family problems
associated with them.

Answer 7

psychiatric social worker

Question 8

typically spend 1 to 2 years earning a master’s
degree and are employed to provide clinical services by hospitals or clinics, usually under the
supervision of a doctoral-level clinician.

Answer 8

marriage and family therapists & mental health counselors

Question 9

What is the difference between a clinical psychologist with a PhD versus a PsyD?

Answer 9

PhD: Clinical and counseling psychologist, cannot prescribe meds, Clinical scientist
PsyD: Clinical, counseling Dr. of psychology, practitioner-scholar

Question 10

A scientist-practitioner engages in what three activities?

Answer 10

The consumer of science,
evaluate its own services, &
creator/ contributor to the field.

Question 11

number of people displaying disorder in the population at any given time

Answer 11

prevalence

Question 12

number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period

Answer 12

incidence

Question 13

suspected outcome of a disorder over time

Answer 13

prognosis

Question 14

Cause or surface of the disorder

Answer 14

etiology

Question 15

From the biological tradition, what explanations of psychological disorders were offered by Galen?

Answer 15

One of the more interesting and influential legacies of the Hippocratic-Galenic approach is the
humoral theory of disorders. Hippocrates assumed that normal brain functioning was related to
four bodily fluids or humors: blood, black bile, yellow bile, and phlegm.

Question 16

Who is Howard Dully and what biological “treatment” did he have?

Answer 16

Howard Dully was a child who suffered child abuse

He had a lobotomy at 12 yrs old.

Question 17

What is “moral therapy” and who is most

associated with this movement?

Answer 17

Psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible
in normal environments. DOROTHEA DIX is the most associated.

Question 18

Who was Dorothy Dix, and what were the unforeseen consequence of her mental
hygiene movement?

Answer 18

Elizabeth Meriwether Gilmer (Dorothy Dix) was an American journalist and columnist.
The consequence of her movement was the disproportionate increase in hospitalized patients.

Question 19

Mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered
by informing the public of their mistreatment.

Answer 19

Mental hygiene movement

Question 20

In psychoanalytic psychotherapy, what are the major treatment techniques to make
the unconscious conscious?

Answer 20

free association, dream analysis and transference

Question 21

Psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material
repressed into the unconscious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without
censoring.

Answer 21

Free association

Question 22

Psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream contents are examined
as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.

Answer 22

Dream analysis

Question 23

Psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they
do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.

Answer 23

Transference

Question 24

How is psychodynamic psychotherapy different than traditional Psychoanalytic
Psychotherapy?

Answer 24

Psychodynamic therapy tends to be briefer and less intensive
than traditional psychoanalysis. Psychodynamic therapy uses free association and
focuses on unconscious conflicts, defense mechanisms, transference, and current symptoms.

Question 25

In humanistic, person-centered therapy, what is meant by unconditional positive regard and empathy?

Answer 25

therapists must be empathetic and non-judgmental to convey their feelings of understanding, trust, and confidence that encourage their clients to make their own decisions and choices.

Question 26

What did the following people contribute to a behavioral model of psychopathology: John Watson/Rosalie Rayner, Mary Cover-Jones, and Joseph Wolpe?

Answer 26

John Watson: Child Development Rosalie Rayner: Little Albert experiment. Tested on his response to stimuli at 9 mo. old showing empirical evidence of classical conditioning Mary Cover-Jones: "the mother of behavior therapy" because of her early work on the unconditioning of the fear reaction in infants Joseph Wolpe: Systematic desensitization is known to help people recover from phobias, fear and panic disorders

Question 27

What historical treatments were depicted in the movie, One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest?

Answer 27

``` Electroshock Lobotomy hydrotherapy Medication management Group therapy Rec therapy Music therapy ```

Question 28

What is the current approach to understanding and treating psychopathology?

Answer 28

To treat it as a multi-dimensional integrative perspective, it is not linear. Use evidenced based multi- dimensional models. To treat, we must look at behavioral factors, biological factors, emotional influences and social factors.

Question 29

In the case of Judy’s blood/injury phobia, what caused her phobia? In other words, what were the biological, behavioral, emotional, and even social influences?

Answer 29

Behavioral Factors: conditioned response to sight of blood Biological Factors: Genetics (inherited tendencies) & physiology (ex. lightheadedness) Emotional Influences: Fear and anxiety, distress Social Factors: attention from students/teachers

Question 30

Who is Eric Kandel?

Answer 30

Nobel Prize in Medicine Learning effects genetic structure of cells Environment can activate dormant genes Brain has greater elasticity/plasticity than thought All about Gene X Environment interactions

Question 31

Hypothesis that both an inherited tendency (a vulnerability) and specific stressful conditions are required to produce a disorder.

Answer 31

diathesis-stress model

Question 32

people with a genetic predisposition for a disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder. For example, people with a genetic vulnerability to develop a certain disorder, such as blood-injection-injury phobia, may also have a personality trait (impulsiveness) that makes them more likely to be involved in minor accidents that would result in their seeing of blood. (Accident prone because they are continually rushing to complete things or to get to places without regard for their physical safety)

Answer 32

Gene-Environment Correlation model

Question 33

The study of factors other than inherited DNA sequence, such as new learning or stress, that alter the phenotypic expression of genes. able to be turned on or off

Answer 33

epigenetics

Question 34

What are two psychological diathesis or vulnerabilities?

Answer 34

Life events | Genetic vulnerabilities

Question 35

What are the five neurotransmitters most studied and implicated in psychopathology?

Answer 35

1. Glutamate 2. GABA 3. Serotonin 4. Norepinephrine 5. Dopamine

Question 36

excitatory: turns on neurons Treatment for anxiety, insomnia, anger, convulsions chemical brothers with GABA

Answer 36

Glutamate

Question 37

inhibitory - serve a regulatory function | Treatment for anxiety, insomnia, anger, convulsions

Answer 37

GABA

Question 38

regulates behavior, mood, thought process | Treatment of depression and anxiety

Answer 38

Serotonin (5HT)

Question 39

stimulates alpha and beta adrenergic receptors; added to SSRI Treatment of social phobia

Answer 39

Norepinephrine

Question 40

interacts with other NT - brain circuits | Implicated in schizophrenia, addiction, Parkinson’s

Answer 40

Dopamine

Question 41

What (two) areas of the brain are most studied for clues to psychopathology?

Answer 41

1. Cerebral cortex (front cortex) - executive functioning, inhibition 2. Limbic system - emotions

Question 42

What is learned helplessness and what is the opposite of learned helplessness?

Answer 42

Martin Seligman’s theory that people become anxious and depressed when they make an attribution that they have no control over the stress in their lives (whether or not they do in reality). The opposite of learned helplessness is learned mastery, learned optimism, and hardiness. (control)

Question 43

What attribution style regarding negative events is predictive of depression? Be able to apply this attributional style to an example.

Answer 43

Attributions for negative events: Failing a Test Internal versus external attribution: me vs not me Global versus specific attribution: across situations versus specific situation Stable versus unstable attribution: across time versus just this once

Question 44

What are the three response components of all emotions?

Answer 44

Physiology (feel) Cognitive (think) Behavioral (do)

Question 45

Sociocultural factors also play a role in psychopathology. For example, why might there be gender differences in eating disorders or anxiety disorders?

Answer 45

``` Cultural pressures that idealize a particular body type place undue pressure on people to achieve unrealistic standards. Popular culture and media images often tie thinness (for women) or muscularity (for men) to popularity, success, beauty and happiness. ```

Question 46

Measurement consistency/agreement | Several types: Test-retest, Inter-rater

Answer 46

Reliability

Question 47

Does the test measure what it’s supposed to measure? | Several types: Content validity, Concurrent and discriminant validity, Predictive validity

Answer 47

Validity

Question 48

Consistency in: Administration of test & Scoring and evaluation of test results Often includes normative data

Answer 48

Standardization

Question 49

What are the major components of a mental status exam?

Answer 49

1. Appearance and Behavior/Activity 2. Mood and affect 3. Speech/Language 4. Thought processes 5. Thought content 6. Perception

Question 50

33. Why is a physical exam so important to a comprehensive clinical assessment?

Answer 50

- Diagnose or rule out physical etiologies - Toxicology report - Medication side effects - Allergic reactions - Metabolic conditions

Question 51

Why is behavioral assessment so important for a comprehensive clinical Assessment?

Answer 51

``` Identification and observation of target behaviors “Here and now” focus Direct observations: Formal vs. informal – coding system Self-monitoring vs. others observing Reactivity Minimally inferential ```

Question 52

Psychoanalytically based measures that present ambiguous stimuli to clients on the assumption that their responses will reveal their unconscious conflicts. Such tests are inferential and lack high reliability and validity.

Answer 52

projective tests

Question 53

What are the strengths and criticisms of projective tests like the Rorschach and TAT?

Answer 53

Criticisms: too subjective and unreliable, motivational barriers, depends upon non verbal communication, results in spontaneous outcomes, maintains concious and unconcious constraints. Strengths: allow psychologists to assess unconcious aspects of personality, not transparent: subjects cannot figure out how their responses will be interpreted (can’t easily dake personality traits).

Question 54

What are the defining features of objective personality inventories?

Answer 54

``` Empirically-based No ambiguous stimuli Minimal inference Standardized Scoring Interpretation ```

Question 55

What information is provided when clients complete the MMPI-2?

Answer 55

10 Major categories of abnormal human behavior are being assessed. What information is provided After administering the test is whether a person answered the test items in a truthful and accurate manner.

Question 56

What neuroimaging techniques are used to examine the structure of the brain?

Answer 56

1 .Computerized axial tomography (CAT/CT) - X-rays of brain - Pictures in slices 2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - Strong magnetic field - Improved resolution - Utility: locating tumors, injuries, structural or anatomical abnormalities

Question 57

founded on the assumption of clear-cut differences | among disorders, each with a different known cause.

Answer 57

Classical approach

Question 58

Method of categorizing characteristics on a continuum rather than on a binary, either-or, or all-or-none basis.

Answer 58

Dimensional approach

Question 59

ystem for categorizing disorders using both essential, defining characteristics and a range of variation on other characteristics. This approach is a mix of the categorical approach and the dimensional approach and it is currently used today.

Answer 59

Prototypical approach

Question 60

How are categorical approaches to classification different than dimensional approaches and a prototypical approach?

Answer 60

The differences between the categorical approach versus the dimensional and protoypical approach is that the dimensional and protoypical approaches group disorders based on similar characteristics. The categorical approach assumes each personality disorder is a separate and distinct category; i.e., separate from other personality disorders, and distinct from "normal" personalities.

Question 61

What type of approach to classification is used in the DSM5?

Answer 61

Introduces an integration of a dimensional approach to diagnosis and classification with the current categorical approach.

Question 62

What are the major criticisms of the DSM-5?

Answer 62

*Comorbidity: refers to more than one disorders or diseases that exist alongside a primary diagnosis, which is the reason a patient gets referred and/or treated. *Emphasize relaliability, sometimes at the expense of validity *Complexity of categorizing psychopathology Card deck example

Question 63

How is the DSM-5 different from the ICD-10?

Answer 63

ICD-10 does not cover mental disorders in depth.

Question 64

What are the most notable changes from the DSM-IV to the DSM-5?

Answer 64

-removal of the multiaxial system -is the addition of dimensional estimates of the severity of specific disorders in DSM-5 -DSM-5 introduces cross-cutting dimensional symptom measures as well as disorder specific measures -Social and cultural considerations in the DSM-5

Question 65

How did Rosenhan challenge the validity and reliability of psychiatric diagnosis?

Answer 65

The study concluded "it is clear that we cannot distinguish the sane from the insane in psychiatric hospitals" and also illustrated the dangers of dehumanization and labeling in psychiatric institutions.

Question 66

What was the primary diagnosis upon admission and discharge for the pseudopatients in Rosenhan’s study?

Answer 66

Out of 8, all but one were diagnosed and discharged with schezophrenia “in remission” -Rosenhan considered as evidence that mental illness is perceived as an irreversible condition creating a lifelong stigma rather than a curable illness.

Question 67

How long did it take (on average) before patients were discharged?

Answer 67

19 days

Question 68

How did Spitzer respond to Rosenhan’s study (what was his rebuttal)?

Answer 68

psychiatrists should not necessarily be expected to assume that a patient is pretending to have mental illness, thus the study lacked realism