Adult Development Final Flashcards by Cindi Chavez

True of False: Identity development is usually worked out in adolescence and then set for the rest of adulthood.

False

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True or False: Identity development in middle adulthood involves reassessing and challenging gender roles and expectations.

True

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True or False: The developers of the five-factor model believe that the five traits are genetic in origin and are universal across all cultures.

True

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Individuals in identity crisis are engaged in __________________________.

A. self-exploration, while at the same time realizing they have some choices to make.
B. learning a new facet of commitment; the mutual give-and-take that sustains long-term love relationships.
C. caring about the next generation and anxious to find creative ways to share their own resources.
D. acknowledging the regrets

A. self-exploration, while at the same time realizing they have some choices to make.

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Erikson’s young adult stage of intimacy versus isolation is the quest to _______________.

A. communicate and articulate personal needs.
B. explore self and others.
C. challenge the boundaries of social interactions.
D. trust and truly love another person.

D. trust and truly love another person.

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Individuals in generativity versus stagnation are engaged in ________________________.

A. self-exploration, while at the same time realizing they have some choices to make.
B. learning a new facet of commitment, the mutual give-and-take that sustains long-term love relationships.
C. caring about the next generation and anxious to find creative ways to share their own resources.
D. acknowledging the regrets.

C. caring about the next generation and anxious to find creative ways to share their own resources.

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True or False: The cohabitation effect is the common research finding that couples who cohabit prior to marriage are more likely to divorce.

True

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True or False: A popular theory of love relationships states that the type of attachment infants develop with their caregivers will be the type of attachment those infants, when they are adults, will develop with their lovers.

True

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True or False: Researchers have found that heterosexual and gay couples are more alike in terms of satisfaction and stability than different.

True

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True or False: Among adult siblings, brothers tend to have the closest relationships.

False

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True or False: The average informal caregiver provides over 40 hours of care per week for over 4 years.

True

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True or False: Higher levels of religiosity are associated with better physical and mental health among older adults.

True

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_____________________ highlights six personality types: Realistic, Conventional, Social, Artistic, Investigative, and Enterprising.

A. Super’s theory of career development.
B. Kuder Theory of Preference.
C. Holland’s theory of job–personality fit.
D. Career Assessment Inventory.

D. Career Assessment Inventory.

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The Hershey Company is cutting more jobs in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Sara Stoltzfus held one of 80 positions Hershey eliminated at the local Y and S Candies plant. The plant, which has 520 workers, manufactures Twizzlers licorice. Sara, a single mother of two, decided to create a “game-plan” during the time she collects unemployment that includes reducing her expenses while looking for work. Sara’s coping strategy is best described as using:

A. Problem-focused
B. Emotion –focused
C. Denial of Stress
D. Humor

A. Problem-focused

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It has been 6 months since police found Jayahn Pritchard, a three-year-old boy, drowned in a stream behind his home. His grandmother, Lucretia Thomas, was grief-stricken, but has since taken to a speaker’s circuit advising parents and grandparents on child safety issues. Ms. Thomas stated that her new passion puts Jayahn’s death into perspective, and helps heal the pain by talking about the incident so others may live. Lucretia’s coping strategy is best described as using:

A. Problem-focused
B. Emotion –focused
C. Denial of Stress
D. Humor

B. Emotion –focused

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True or False: A cohort is a group of people who have grown up together, but have non-normative history-graded experiences.

False

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True or False: An example of a non-normative influence that may influence or change your life would be all individuals born in 1995.

False

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True or False: Psychology relies on scientifically informed methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation in order to provide objectivity in reporting research findings.

True

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Challenging issues in the study of adult development and aging include:

a) working with disciplines other than one’s own
b) balancing the emphasis on young, middle and late adulthood
c) highlighting both group trends based on age and individual differences
d) All of the above

d) All of the above

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An example of a non-normative influence that may influence or change your life might be:

a) being born in the year 1995
b) being alive as the first African-American becomes the President of the United States
c) being aware of where you were when on 9/11/2001 terrorists flew into the Twin Towers
d) winning the Pennsylvania Lottery’s Cash 5 game for $ 1.2 million

d) winning the Pennsylvania Lottery’s Cash 5 game for $ 1.2 million

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True or False: Women tend to carry weight around their waist whereas men tend to carry weight on their hips and thighs.

False

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True or False: Successful aging involves high-quality social involvement, psychological coping, life satisfaction, and physiological functioning.

True

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True or False: To get a better night’s sleep, individuals should maintain a sleep routine; avoid alcohol, nicotine, overeating, and large liquid intake in the evenings, and sleep in a cool, quiet, dark location on a supportive mattress.

True

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Which type of memory demonstrates a great amount of loss and deterioration with age?

A. Episodic memory
B. Non-episodic memory
C. Procedural memory

A. Episodic memory

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True or False: Memories for procedures, such as playing an instrument or typing, tend to deteriorate with age.

False

______________ intelligence consists of the knowledge gained through educational and cultural systems, such as common vocabulary and mathematical skills. A. Emotional B. Crystallized C. Multiple D. All of the above

D. All of the above

In sexuality research, participants may withhold the truth and give what they believe to be socially appropriate responses because honest responses could be ____________________. A. embarrassing B. stigmatizing C. illegal D. All of the above

D. All of the above

``` Which of the following common eye pathologies is known by its clouded eye lens that is similar to trying to look through a fogged-up window? A. Macular Degeneration B. Glaucoma C. Presbyopia D. Cataracts ```

D. Cataracts

The term “aging” can be divided into distinguishing between external or environmentally. What is the term that refers to normal or expected aging? A. Primary aging B. Secondary aging C. Tertiary aging D. Quaternary aging

A. Primary aging

The term “aging” can be divided into distinguishing between external or environmentally. What is the term that refers to caused aging? A. Primary aging B. Secondary aging C. Tertiary aging D. Quaternary aging

B. Secondary aging

For which type of patient is hospice care intended? a. anyone terminally ill b. the chronically but not terminally ill c. the acutely ill (such as those with severe pneumonia) only cancer patients

a. anyone terminally ill

Which of the following age groups of adults is likely to have the greatest fear of death? a. 20–30 b. 40–50 c. 60–70 d. 80–90

b. 40–50

Which of the following age groups of adults is likely to talk the most about death and dying as well as thinking about it most? a. 20–30 b. 40–50 c. 60–70 d. 80–90

d. 80–90

Which of the following groups is likely to have the LEAST fear of death? a. adults high in neuroticism b. middle-aged adults c. adults with strong religious commitment D. extraverted adults

c. adults with strong religious commitment

According to Kübler-Ross, which of the following is typically the first response to being told one is dying? a. anger b. bargaining c. depression d. denial

d. denial

According to Kübler-Ross, which of the following is typically the final response in the stages of reactions to the knowledge of death? a. anger b. denial c. acceptance d. depression

c. acceptance

According to Kübler–Ross’s theory on the give stages of responses to dying, the typical sequence is _______. a. denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance b. denial, anger, depression, bargaining, acceptance c. anger, denial, depression, bargaining, acceptance d. anger, denial, bargaining, depression, acceptance

a. denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

A term used in hospice care that refers to support that is aimed at pain alleviation and comfort maximization with a minimum of life-prolonging measures is_______. a. curative care b. palliative care c. psychosocial care d. alleviation care

b. palliative care

Studies of patients diagnosed with several types of disease, including AIDS and cancer, suggest that _______. a. those who express a lot of hostility and anger die sooner b. “good patients” who do what they are told by physicians survive longer c. there is no consistent link between personality and length of survival D. those who express very little hostility or anger die sooner

D. those who express very little hostility or anger die sooner

``` Leona’s family held a wake in the evening and then a funeral the next day for her mother who died at the age of 62. According to Marshall and Levy, two important functions of rituals are _______. a. control and meaningfulness b. venting and connecting c. denial and mourning crying and honoring ```

a. control and meaningfulness

At a dinner party, you hear someone make the following statement: “Religion doesn’t do any good for anyone. Religious people are no healthier, and die at the same ages as do nonreligious people.” According to the evidence given in the text, how should you reply? a. “You’re right. The research evidence shows no relationship between religion and health.” b. “The research allows an even stronger statement: highly religious people are actually less healthy than are irreligious people.” c. “You’re quite wrong. The research evidence shows that religious people are healthier and live longer.” d. “You can’t make that statement. There is no research evidence one way or the other about the relationship between religious involvement and health.”

c. “You’re quite wrong. The research evidence shows that religious people are healthier and live longer.”

Which of the following is most accurate? a. Less than half of people in the U.S. state that they believe in God. b. There has been a gradual decline in the number of empirical journal articles on religion or spirituality in the past few decades with the shift toward brain science. c. Spirituality and religiosity are basically the same constructs and are usually measured with the same questionnaires. d. Overall attendance and membership in religious organizations have dropped in the U.S. over the last 50 years.

d. Overall attendance and membership in religious organizations have dropped in the U.S. over the last 50 years.

When it comes to religious beliefs and private religious/spiritual activities such as engaging in prayers, meditating, or reading sacred texts, cross-sectional studies show that those in which of the following age groups would be likely to participate the most? a. Over 50 b. 30–49 c. 18–29 d. 10–18

a. Over 50

“I did it because the teacher told me to. If I hadn’t done it, she would have made me stay after school.” This is an example of _____ reasoning in Kohlberg’s system. a. Preconventional b. Conventional c. Postcoventional (principled)

a. Preconventional

The process of self-transcendence is best described as: a. The outward signs of spirituality. b. Coming to know oneself as part of a larger whole that exists beyond the physical body and personal history. c. Reasoning about what is right and wrong. d. Meaning found through creative and leisure activities.

b. Coming to know oneself as part of a larger whole that exists beyond the physical body and personal history.

``` One critique of Kohlberg’s theory is that it largely ignores an ethical/moral system based on: a. Concepts of justness. b. Concepts of fairness for all. c. Caring for others D. The norms of most citizens ```

c. Caring for others

According to Fowler’s theory of faith development, _______. a. There are two stages in the development of faith b. An individual’s faith typically gets weaker with increasing age c. Most adults have no specific faith as such d. All individuals have some kind of faith, whether they participate in organized religion or not

d. All individuals have some kind of faith, whether they participate in organized religion or not

What effects of religiousness/spirituality are found in adults in U.S. studies? a. Higher cortisol levels b. Higher levels of depression and anxiety because people often become more spiritual when there is a problem in their lives. c. Longer life expectancy D. High levels of cardiac deaths

c. Longer life expectancy

Fifteen-year-old Jack, when asked about various moral dilemmas, says “Well, I think if my parents think something is right, it must be okay.” In Kohlberg’s category system, Jack is reasoning at the _______. a. Preconventional level b. Conventional level c. Postconventional (Principled) level

b. Conventional level

Teresa, who is in her early 30s, was arrested after participating in a sit-in as part of a protest march. She says, “I know what I did is against the law; 99 percent of the time I think a person should obey the law, because otherwise we’d have chaos. But sometimes laws are wrong, and I have to disobey them in order to try to change them.” In Kohlberg’s category system, Teresa is reasoning at the _______. a. Preconventional level b. Conventional level c. Principled level

c. Principled level

``` The probability of dying in any given year is called the _________ rate. A. Morbidity B. Prevalence C. Mortality D. Incidence ```

C. Mortality

What is the age-related pattern of acute and chronic diseases over adulthood? A. Acute illness declines with age, while chronic illness increases. B. Chronic illness declines with age, while acute illness increases. C. Both chronic and acute illnesses increase with age. D. Both chronic and acute illnesses decline with age

A. Acute illness declines with age, while chronic illness increases.

``` After falling on the ice and breaking three of her ribs, Kathleen is having trouble with activities of daily living (ADLs). Which of the following is an example of an ADL? A. Doing laundry B. Bathing C. Paying bills D. Preparing meals ```

B. Bathing

``` Which of the following is NOT one of the top three causes of death for individuals between the ages of 15 and 24? A. Accidents B. Suicide C. Homicide D. Cancer ```

D. Cancer

Juan is suffering from a disease wherein his body is not able to metabolize insulin. Juan most likely has: A. The human papillomavirus B. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) C. Diabetes D. Cancerous plaques

C. Diabetes

``` Which form of mental health disorder shows the highest prevalence in adulthood? A. Anxiety disorders B. Mood disorders C. Impulse control disorders D. Substance use disorders ```

A. Anxiety disorders

``` A good deal of research supports a link between Type A behavior pattern and increased risk of: A. Diabetes B. Coronary heart disease C. Cancer D. Suicide ```

B. Coronary heart disease

``` All of the following mental health disorders are more common in women than men, EXCEPT: A. Mood disorders B. Anxiety disorders C. Substance use disorders D. Eating disorders ```

C. Substance use disorders

``` Which of the following poor health habits increases a person’s risk of both heart disease and cancer? A. Low-fiber diet B. Insufficient sleep C. Skipping breakfast D. Smoking ```

D. Smoking

``` The probability of contracting an illness is called the _________ rate. A. Morbidity B. Prevalence C. Disability D. Incidence ```

A. Morbidity

``` The finding that average IQ has increased steadily over the 20th century is referred to as the _______ . A. Cohort effect B. Sequential effect C. Flynn effect D. Positivity bias ```

C. Flynn effect

Research has shown that IQ, from childhood into older adulthood: A. Is very stable. B. Is moderately variable. C. Is extremely variable. D. Cannot be studied because it is not possible to compare IQ scores in childhood to those in adulthood.

A. Is very stable.

When speaking of the type of intelligence based on education and experience, Horn and Cattell refer to _______. A. Fluid intelligence B. Crystallized intelligence C. Spatial intelligence D. Deductive reasoning and long-term working memory

B. Crystallized intelligence

``` Clarissa is walking through the grocery store and realizes that they only take cash or a debit card. She does not have a debit card, so she starts to add up the cost of her groceries to determine if she has enough money. She is using her ________. A. Declarative memory B. Semantic memory C. Working memory D. Prospective memory ```

C. Working memory

``` Exercise has ____ effect on intellectual skill. A. A negative B. A minimal C. No measurable D. A positive ```

D. A postivie

Socioemotional selectivity theory provides an explanation for A. Older people’s positivity bias. B. Older people’s greater vulnerability to stereotype threats involving memory. C. The Flynn effect. D. The contextual perspective.

A. Older people’s positivity bias.

``` Which pair of memory systems demonstrates the largest decline with age? A. Sensory and primary B. Semantic and primary C. Working and episodic D. Episodic and semantic ```

C. Working and episodic

``` On which of the following types of tests do adults retain the most skill well into old age? A. Unspeeded (untimed) and crystallized B. Crystallized and speeded (timed) C. Fluid and non-verbal D. Fluid and verbal ```

A. Unspeeded (untimed) and crystallized

You recently compared your mother’s recent IQ scores with those from the test she took 10 years ago. What combination of changes in crystallized or fluid subscale scores would you MOST likely find? A. No change in crystallized, no change in fluid B. No change in crystallized tasks, moderate increase in fluid tasks C. Mild increase in crystallized tasks, mild decrease in fluid tasks D. Moderate decrease in crystallized tasks, moderate increase in fluid tasks

C. Mild increase in crystallized tasks, mild decrease in fluid tasks

``` When you look up a phone number and say it over to yourself once so that you can dial the whole number without having to check it again, what part of the memory sequence are you using? A. Retrieval B. Short-term memory C. Encoding D. Sensory memory ```

B. Short-term memory

Imagine that you are a business executive and you are about to have a meeting with a rival executive whom you know to be a woman. You know nothing else about her, but you imagine that she must be less competitive than your male colleagues—probably more gentle and sensitive. What process are you demonstrating with such thoughts? a. Intellectualization b. Stereotyping c. Differentiation d. Pragmatics

b. Stereotyping

At which age in the life cycle are adults likely to add the greatest number of new roles? a. Age 20–30 years old b. Age 40–50 years old c. Age 60–70 years old d. Age 80–90 years old

a. Age 20–30 years old

A woman’s youngest child starts first grade and she begins working part time. This is an example of a change in a(n) _______. a. Biological role b. Gender role c. Social role d. Age stratum

c. Social role

Analyses of marriage and cohabitation rates in the United States over the past several decades suggest that among young people in their early 20s, ________. a. Marriage rates have risen, and cohabitation rates have declined b. Marriage rates have remained about the same, and cohabitation rates have risen c. Marriage rates and cohabitation rates have both risen d. Marriage rates have declined, and cohabitation rates have risen

d. Marriage rates have declined, and cohabitation rates have risen

Which new adult role is accompanied by a decrease in marital happiness and satisfaction? a. Engagement b. Marriage c. Becoming parents d. Becoming an empty nester

c. Becoming parents

Which of the following people is likely to spend the LEAST time on childcare? a. Gay parents b. Parents who work more hours outside the home c. Lesbian parents d. Parents who were raised by a working mothers

b. Parents who work more hours outside the home

In comparison to women with children, childless women are _______. a. Less work committed b. More work committed c. Happier in old age d. Less happy in old age

b. More work committed

_______ who provide care for elderly relatives are less apt to experience caregiver burden and depression than ________ . a. Hispanic-American family caregivers; White caregivers b. Women; Men c. African American; White caregivers d. High SES individuals; Middle SES individuals

c. African American; White caregivers

Which two groups, among families at different stages of the family life cycle, show the highest levels of marital satisfaction? a. Newlywed couples without children and couples at retirement age b. Couples with infants and couples at retirement age c. Newlywed couples without children and couples with adolescents d. Couples with preschoolers and couples with adolescents

a. Newlywed couples without children and couples at retirement age

According to _________ children are taught to view the world and themselves through gender-polarized lenses that make artificial distinctions between what is masculine and what is feminine. a. Social role theory b. Learning schema theory c. The biosocial perspective a. Evolutionary theory

b. Learning schema theory

The life-span/life-space theory is based upon which of the following concepts? a. That individuals develop careers in stages b. Career decisions are not isolated from other aspects of their lives c. Work role is best perceived in terms of its importance relative to other roles an individual plays d. All of the above

d. All of the above

``` Alex is approaching his 50th birthday and works as an engineer. Based on Super’s theory, we can assume that he is in the ___________ stage. a. Maintenance b. Exploration c. Disengagement Cynicism ```

a. Maintenance

``` Which of the following is NOT among the 6 personality types studied by Holland in his research on personality and occupational choices? a. Intuitive b. Enterprising c. Investigative Realistic ```

a. Intuitive

Which of the following is most accurate about family influences on career choices of children? a. Virtually all young adults go into the same professions as their parents. b. Working-class parents are more likely than middle-class parents to encourage their children to attend college because they do not want them to struggle as much as they did. c. Young women with working mothers have higher educational goals and aspirations toward more prestigious careers than their counterparts whose mothers do not work outside the home. d. Parents’ marital status is not correlated with level of financial support that their emerging adult children receive.

c. Young women with working mothers have higher educational goals and aspirations toward more prestigious careers than their counterparts whose mothers do not work outside the home.

Based on the results of a recent meta-analytic study examining vocational preferences, women are more interested than men in working_______. a. With their hands b. With things c. As investigators d. With people

d. With people

Which of the following individuals is likely to be considered nontraditional student? a. A 17-18 year high school graduate b. A twenty year old community college student c. A 35 year old going back to school for nursing d. A 18-year-old college student studying computer science

c. A 35 year old going back to school for nursing

Shift work a. Is becoming less common in the U.S. b. Increases the chances of divorce or separation. c. Only seems to have negative effects for those from a lower socioeconomic status. d. Seems to have more positive effects on the marriage if they have children.

b. Increases the chances of divorce or separation.

Among American parents who are either married or living together and who have at least one child under the age of 18: a. Women spend more time on household labor. b. Women and men spend the same amount to time on household labor. c. The total time spent on household labor, child care, and paid labor is much greater for men. d. The amount of time devoted to household labor, child care, and paid labor depends on where in the country the individuals live.

a. Women spend more time on household labor.

``` The strongest predictor of the timing of retirement is _______. a. Caregiving responsibilities b. Age c. Health D. Finances ```

D. Finances

Which group of older adults has the highest rate of poverty in the United States? a. White men b. White women c. African-American men d. African-American women

d. African-American women

We tend to think of ___ as “retirement age” because that is the age at which people in the United States are able to start receiving full Social Security benefits. However, many people retire earlier, and many keep working past that age. a. 47 b. 66 c. 80 d. 75

b. 66

``` Juanita, a very extraverted female, just learned that her father’s cancer has spread. Weeks before, she had agreed to go with her friend to a party, but while she was there, she was very quiet and withdrawn. This short-lived pattern of being quiet and withdrawn would be considered a _____. a. State b. Factor c. Trait D. Disposition ```

a. State

1. Anxiety, hostility, worry, depression, and self-consciousness are characteristics of which personality trait? a. Neuroticism b. Agreeableness c. Conscientiousness d. Extraversion

a. Neuroticism

1. Which person is likely to have the most stable and consolidated personality? a. Juan, age 25 b. Kareem, age 45 c. Mary, age 35 D. Miguel, age 55

D. Miguel, age 55

What evidence most clearly demonstrates a genetic component in personality consistency in adulthood? a. Greater similarity in personality between parents and children than between fraternal twins b. Similarity of the personalities of adopted children in the same household c. Greater similarity in the personalities of fraternal than of identical twins d. Greater similarity in the personalities of identical than of fraternal twins

d. Greater similarity in the personalities of identical than of fraternal twins

Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development states that personality development takes place in ________ that represents a conflict the individual must try to resolve. a. Regular cyclical periods of approximately 7 years throughout life b. Spurts that correspond to physical growth periods c. Distinct stages over the life span d. Distinct stages until adolescence

c. Distinct stages over the life span

1. Which of the following stages in Erikson’s theory does NOT typically occur in adulthood? a. Intimacy versus isolation b. Generativity versus stagnation c. Ego integrity versus despair d. Initiative versus guilt

d. Initiative versus guilt

True or False: Maslow’s hierarchy of needs proposes that lower needs (physiological needs) dominate the individual’s motivations, and that higher needs (e.g., self-actualization, self-esteem) become prominent only in late life and when the lower needs are satisfied.

True

Which of the following was found to decrease with age? a. Neuroticism b. Social dominance c. Agreeable d. Conscientious

a. Neuroticism

Enduring ways of thinking, feeling, and acting are referred to as _______. a. Personality traits b. Personality structures c. Personality dimensions d. Personality affiliations

a. Personality traits

1. Costa and McCrae have demonstrated the validity of their 5-factor personality structure across _______. a. Age b. Gender c. Cultural background d. All of the above

d. All of the above