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Adrenergic Farm Flashcards

1
Q

____ has a concentration that is 35X higher in the cell than in the IF

A

K+

100X more permeable than sodium

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2
Q

____ has a concentration that is 12X lower in the cell than the cytoplasm

A

Na+

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3
Q

The cell has a much larger store of ____ _____ compared the IF

A

anionic protein

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4
Q

Net efflux of K+ continues until ______ force leading K+ outside is balance by the ________ force bringing it back

A

chemical, electrical

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5
Q

The channel for __ responds quicker to changes in voltage than the channel for __

A

Na+, K+

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6
Q

These two systems are mainly responsible for maintaining homeostasis..

A

autonomic and endocrine system

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7
Q

Preganglionic receptors..

A

nicotinic receptors

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8
Q

Post ganglionic receptors..

A

adrenal medulla and sympathetic - adrenergic
Parasympathetic - muscarinic
Somatic - nicotinic

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9
Q

Adrenergic transmission - end signal..

A

transmitter transported back into presynaptic terminus

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10
Q

cholinergic transmission - end signal..

A

hydrolyzed in synapse

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11
Q

biosynthesis of Endogenous adrenergic amines..

A

tyrosine, dopamine, norepi, and epi

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12
Q

Most important adrenergic receptors in PNS..

A

Aplha1, Beta1, Beta2

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13
Q

Alpha1 receptors on smooth muscle cells..

A

increase Ca++, increase activity of a myosin light chain kinase, increase myosin light chain phosphorylation and increase muscle contractility

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14
Q

Alpha1 receptors are important for..

A

BP

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15
Q

Alpha2 receptors are important for..

A

presynaptic termini

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16
Q

Alpha2 receptors inhibit..

A

epi and norepi release (CNS and PNS)

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17
Q

Beta2 receptors on smooth muscle..

A

increase PKA, phophorylate and inhibit myosin light chain kinase, diminish Ca++ levels and inhibit myosin light chain kinase —-> decrease muscle contractility

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18
Q

Beta1 receptors on cardiac muscle cells..

A

activate PKA, activate L type Ca++ channels, increase Ca++ levels and increase muscle contractility

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19
Q

This receptor dominates in the heart..

A

B1

20
Q

Epinephrine will activate… receptors.

A

Alpha, Beta1, and Beta2 receptors

21
Q

Norepi does not activate.. receptors.

A

B2

22
Q

Cardiac effects of epi and norepi are mainly generated via..

A

B1 effects

B2 effects contribute to epi activity

23
Q

Salivary Gland secretion moderated by..

A

mainly aplha1 and beta1 with some beta2; beta1 stimulates protein secretion

24
Q

Symptoms of anaphylaxis..

A

1) smooth muscle constriction
2) vasodilation
3) increased vascular permeabilty

25
Q

Epinephrine standard treatment of anaphylaxis. effects..

A

alpha receptors: increase BP
Beta1 receptors: positive cardiac effects
Beta2 receptors: broncodilation

26
Q

_______ is an alpha1 adrenergic agonist that is sometimes used as a vasoconstrictor in conjunction with a local anesthetic

A

levonordefrin

27
Q

adrenergic agonists used in conjunction with local anesthetics work to:

A

1) prolong duration of nerve block
2) diminish systemic toxicity of the anesthetic
3) minimize blood loss during surgical procedure

28
Q

Alpha2 agonists are thought to primarily work in..

A

central nervous system at presynaptic terminal

29
Q

____ receptor agonists are used primarily in the treatment of heart failure and cardiogenic shock

A

B1

30
Q

These drugs produce smooth muscle relaxation and primarily used to treat respiratory disease..

can also produce vasodilation in muscle and liver to produce relaxation of uterine tissue

A

B2 receptor agonists

31
Q

most serious side effect of adrenergic receptors..

A

cardiac disturbances: myocardial ischemia, heart attack, and arrhythmias

32
Q

CNS disturbances to alpha2 agonists..

A

dizziness, xerostomia, rebound hypertension if drugs withdrawn suddenly

33
Q

Conditions associated with increased sympathetic activity (e.g., phenochromocytoma) are treated with..

A

alpha1 adrenergic receptor antagonists

34
Q

drugs ending in “zosin”..

A

alpha1 antagonist

35
Q

anything used to lower BP may have this side effect..

A

orthostatic hypotension.

36
Q

Non-selective Alpha adrenergic antagonists..

A

block transmitter mediated feedback loop

ex. phentolamine for intravenous infusion during surgery to control acute episodes of hypertension

37
Q

Phentolamine for dentists..

A

reverse soft tissue numbness

38
Q

Beta blockers are either _________ or ___ selective, because…

A

non-selective, B1

Blockade of B2 receptors is generally undesirable

39
Q

Beta blockers..

A

decrease heart rate and force of contraction

40
Q

Beta blockers without ISA..

A

decrease resting heart rate; plasma renin activity, and cardiac output

41
Q

Beta blockers with ISA..

A

do not depress cardiac fxn or plasma renin activity as well but do attentuate agonist driven increases

42
Q

beta blockers treat..

A

heart conditions, glaucoma, migraines, anxiety tremor

43
Q

lebetalol and carvedilol are..

A

both an alpha and beta receptor antagonist.

44
Q

Pt taking a non-selective B-blocker more at risk of __________ after receiving local anesthetic with a ___________

A

hypertensive episode, vasoconstrictor

doesn’t get B2 mediated vasodilationto counteract alpha mediated vasoconstriction

45
Q

Clonidine causes..

A

xerostomia

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