Adrenal Physiology II

Question 1

One of the primary metabolic actions of cortisol is to elevate

Answer 1

Blood [glucose]

Question 2

Cortisol increases glucoe levels by stimulating

Answer 2

Gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage

Question 3

Promotes the production of epinephrine, has a permissive effect on glucagon, and mediates the activation of glycogen phosphorylase, all of which facilitate glycogenolysis

Answer 3

Cortisol

Question 4

Exerts an overall anabolic effect in the liver by activating the expression of enzymes involved in gluconeogenesis and glycogen storage

Answer 4

Cortisol

Question 5

In muscle, has a catabolic effect by by inhibiting protein synthesis and promoting protein breakdown

Answer 5

Cortisol

Question 6

Induces acute lipolysis in adipose tissue and stimulated the action of other lypolytic stimuli

Answer 6

Cortisol

Question 7

Cortisols actue action on adipose releases which 2 things?

Answer 7

1. ) Glycerol for gluconeogenesis

2. ) FFA for ATP

Question 8

At the same time, cortisol can markedly stimulate appetite and promote

Answer 8

Lipogenesis in specific tissues

Question 9

Cortisol actually promotes lipogenesis in specific tissues, most notably the

Answer 9

Abdomen, trunk, neck, and face

Question 10

Thus a prolonged excess of cortisol in the body results in

Answer 10

Obesity

Question 11

Cortisol opposes the key action of

Answer 11

Insulin

Question 12

Cortisol inhibits insulin stimulated glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue and reverses insulin suppression of

Answer 12

Hepatic Glucose production

Question 13

Inhibits bone formation by decreasing both intestinal absorption of calcium and renal calcium reabsorption

Answer 13

Cortisol

Question 14

As a result of this lowered serum Ca2+, we see increased bone reabsorption via the release of

Answer 14

PTH

Question 15

Cortisol also inhibits bone formation by directly acting on osteoblasts and osteocytes to suppress

Answer 15

Collagen synthesis

Question 16

Cortisol also increases the rate of apoptosis of

Answer 16

Osteoblasts and osteocytes

Question 17

Cortisol also indirectly increases bone resorption by regulating the production of growth factors and cytokines that stimulate

Answer 17

Osteoclast formation

Question 18

In the skin, cortisol inhibits the proliferation of connective tissue (i.e. fibroblasts) and the synthesis of

Answer 18

Collagen

Question 19

Excess cortisol results in the thinning of skin and of the walls of capillaries; the fragility of the capillaries leads to frequent

Answer 19

Rupture and bruising

Question 20

In excess, cortisol can act as a mineralocorticoid receptor agonist and stimulate

Answer 20

Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

Question 21

Promiscuous cortisol action in the kidney is normally held in check by the

Answer 21

Type 2 11-HSD

Question 22

Cortisol and other synthetic glucocorticoids are the most powerful

Answer 22

Anti-inflammatory agents

Question 23

An inflammatory response to an injury typically consists of local dilation of capillaries and increased capillary permeability enhancing the trapping of

Answer 23

Leukocytes

Question 24

These steps are mediated by thromboxanes, leukotrienes and prostaglandins which are all derived from

Answer 24

Phosphatidyl choline

Question 25

Inhibits the activity of phospholipase A2 and the expression of cyclooxygenase, enzymes required for prostaglandin, thromboxane and prostaglandin synthesis

Answer 25

Cortisol

Question 26

As well, cortisol inhibits the release of vasoactive, proteolytic enzymes from lysosomes which would otherwise augment

Answer 26

Local swelling

Question 27

Generally inhibit the immune system and are frequently used as immunosuppressants in organ/tissue transplants

Answer 27

Cortisol and other glucocorticoid analogues

Question 28

Cortisol inhibits an immune response by inhibiting interleukin signaling between T cells thereby decreasing their

Answer 28

Activation and proliferation

Question 29

As a consequence, antibody production in B cells is ultimately

Answer 29

Inhibited

Question 30

High serum glucocorticoid levels can also lower the number of circulating T cells via

Answer 30

Pro-apoptotic actions

Question 31

Passively diffuses into renal collecting duct cells and induces the transcription and translation of new proteins including luminal Na+ channels and Na+ /K+ -dependent ATPases

Answer 31

Aldosterone

Question 32

Also promotes K+ secretion in sweat, saliva and feces by facilitating Na+/K+ transport in the sweat glands, salivary glands and the gastrointestinal tract

Answer 32

Aldosterone

Question 33

For females, approximately 50% of the circulating androgen concentration is derived from the

Answer 33

Adrenal cortex

Question 34

A pathological condition caused by a significant deficiency in the production and secretion of steroid hormones from the adrenal cortex

Answer 34

Hypofunction (Addison’s Disease)

Question 35

The primary cause of Addison’s disease is an autoimmune destruction of the

Answer 35

Adrenal cortex

Question 36

In addition, we can see adrenal insufficiency from

-From hypothalamic or pituitary tumors

Answer 36

ATCH deficiency

Question 37

What is the treatment for Addison’s disease?

Answer 37

Oral administration of synthetic glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid analogs and a generous salt intake