Adrenal Hormones

Question 1

embryological origin of adrenal cortex

Answer 1

mesoderm

Question 2

Zona Reticularis

Answer 2

weak androgens

mostly DHEA-S…then DHEA and androstenedione

Question 3

in terms of quantity…what are cortex’s highest output hormones

Answer 3

cortisol and DHEA-S

Question 4

most biologically active hormone from cortex proportionally to amount made

Answer 4

aldosterone

Question 5

origin of adrenal medulla

Answer 5

neurocrest cells

Question 6

why does adrenal medulla produce more epinephrine than NE

Answer 6

medullary cells supplied by high glucocorticoid blood has the enzyme

PNMT

converts NE –> epinephrine

Question 7

is there storage of steroid hormones

Answer 7

NO

Question 8

what increases glomerulosa output

Answer 8

angiotensin II

Question 9

what increases fasciculata and reticularis output

Answer 9

ACTH

Question 10

what iron containing protein is needed for the P450 reaction to happen

to produce steroid hormones from cholesterol

Answer 10

adrenoxin

a flavoprotein

Question 11

corticosterone –> aldosterone

Answer 11

C18 methyl group of corticosterone is oxidized

Question 12

general functions of adrenal hormones

Answer 12

1. Na, K, Ca balance
2. blood glucose regulation
3. protein turnover and fat metabolism
4. mantenance of cardiovascular tone
5. tissue response to injury and infection
6. survival as a result of stress

Question 13

how cortisol or (dexamthasone) can inhibit its production

Answer 13

1. rapidly inhibit secretion of ACTH by blocking CRH action on
2. slowly by blocking gene transcription of ACTH
3. block release of CRH

Question 14

when cortisol is low…what is an adequate endogenous alternative

Answer 14

corticosterone

Question 15

severe pain and prolonged exercise on cortisol release

Answer 15

increases

Question 16

state of analgesia or endorphins on cortisol release

Answer 16

decrease

Question 17

stress can override negative feedback loops of cortisol production

true or false

Answer 17

true

Question 18

activation of immune system on cortisol production

Answer 18

increase the release of ACTH and cortisol

various cytokines can do the same

Question 19

general actions of cortisol in body

Answer 19

1. sustained glucose production from protein
2. vascular responsiveness and muscle function
3. skeletal turnover
4. modulation of CNS
5. hematopoiesis
6. renal function
7. immune response

Question 20

once cortisol enters cell

Answer 20

binds to type 1 or 2 receptor on nucleus

increases or decreases gene transcription

Question 21

cortisol response to acute hypoglycemia

Answer 21

increases protein –> glucose

decreases glucose uptake into adipose and muscle

preferentially has glucose stored as glycogen in liver

this can causes Type II diabetes if chronic

Question 22

catabolic? anabolic? diabetogenic?

what is cortisol

Answer 22

all of those…

catabolic = muscle glycogen, protein, and lipids

anabolic = hepatic glucose production –> glycogen formation, glucogneogenesis and increased serum glucose

diabetogenic = decreases insulin sensitivity