Adrenal Hormones Flashcards
embryological origin of adrenal cortex
mesoderm
Zona Reticularis
weak androgens
mostly DHEA-S…then DHEA and androstenedione
in terms of quantity…what are cortex’s highest output hormones
cortisol and DHEA-S
most biologically active hormone from cortex proportionally to amount made
aldosterone
origin of adrenal medulla
neurocrest cells
why does adrenal medulla produce more epinephrine than NE
medullary cells supplied by high glucocorticoid blood has the enzyme
PNMT
converts NE –> epinephrine
is there storage of steroid hormones
NO
what increases glomerulosa output
angiotensin II
what increases fasciculata and reticularis output
ACTH
what iron containing protein is needed for the P450 reaction to happen
to produce steroid hormones from cholesterol
adrenoxin
a flavoprotein
corticosterone –> aldosterone
C18 methyl group of corticosterone is oxidized
general functions of adrenal hormones
- Na, K, Ca balance
- blood glucose regulation
- protein turnover and fat metabolism
- mantenance of cardiovascular tone
- tissue response to injury and infection
- survival as a result of stress
how cortisol or (dexamthasone) can inhibit its production
- rapidly inhibit secretion of ACTH by blocking CRH action on
- slowly by blocking gene transcription of ACTH
- block release of CRH
when cortisol is low…what is an adequate endogenous alternative
corticosterone
severe pain and prolonged exercise on cortisol release
increases
state of analgesia or endorphins on cortisol release
decrease
stress can override negative feedback loops of cortisol production
true or false
true
activation of immune system on cortisol production
increase the release of ACTH and cortisol
various cytokines can do the same
general actions of cortisol in body
- sustained glucose production from protein
- vascular responsiveness and muscle function
- skeletal turnover
- modulation of CNS
- hematopoiesis
- renal function
- immune response
once cortisol enters cell
binds to type 1 or 2 receptor on nucleus
increases or decreases gene transcription
cortisol response to acute hypoglycemia
increases protein –> glucose
decreases glucose uptake into adipose and muscle
preferentially has glucose stored as glycogen in liver
this can causes Type II diabetes if chronic
catabolic? anabolic? diabetogenic?
what is cortisol
all of those…
catabolic = muscle glycogen, protein, and lipids
anabolic = hepatic glucose production –> glycogen formation, glucogneogenesis and increased serum glucose
diabetogenic = decreases insulin sensitivity
