adrenal hormones

Question 1

What are the three stress response pathways

Answer 1

STRESS –> VISCERAL BRAIN –>

1) Humoral pathway (long term stress) –> ADRENAL CORTEX, CORTISOL
2) Neuronal pathway (fight or flight) –> ADRENAL MEDULLA –> EPINEPHRINE
3) renin-angiotensin pathway –> ADRENAL CORTEX –> ALDOSTERONE

Question 2

Zona Glomerulosa in the adrenal gland produces what hormone

Answer 2

ALDOSTERONE

Question 3

Zona Fasciculata in adrenal gland produces…

Answer 3

CORTISOL and DHEA

Question 4

Zone REticularis in the adrenal produces

Answer 4

DHEA

Question 5

MEDULLA PRODUCES

Answer 5

• EPINEPHRINE

Question 6

describe the antiinflammatory action of steroids

Answer 6

• Glucocorticoid + receptor inhibit Phospholipase A2
• Repression of cyclooxygenase inhibits prostaglandin synthase system
• Both inhibit inflamamtion

Question 7

describe actions of glucocorticoids

Answer 7

• Glucocorticoids influence the carbohydrate metabolism
• the influence is on muscle, adipose tissue, liver, intestine and kidney
• The aim is conservation of glucose:

–> stimulates protein catabolism and gluconeogenesis

–> inhibits glucose uptake in adipose tissue

Question 8

how do you break down steroid hormoens

Answer 8

1. inactivate the hormone via reduction
2. make it water soluble via conjugation of glucuronic acid in liver
3. excreted through urine

Question 9

hormone levels in Cushings disease vs Addisons

Answer 9

CUSHINGS DISEASE –> high ACTH

• High glucocorticoids
• High mineralocorticoids

ADDISONS DISEASE –> High ACTH and MSH (loss of feedback)

• low glucocorticoids
• low mineralocorticoids

Question 10

describe protein metabolism of cushings disease

Answer 10

• Protein metabolism

–> thining of skin

–> loss of bone

–> poor wound healing

–> muscle wasting

–> capilalry fargility

–> impaired gorwth

Question 11

carbohydrate metabolism in cushings vs addisions

Answer 11

CUSHINGS

• abnormal glucose tolerance –> overt diabetes mellitus

ADDISIONS

• hypoglycemia

Question 12

describe lipid metabolism of cushings disease

Answer 12

• lipid metabolism ==> centripetal fat distribution (MOON FACE)

Question 13

electrolyte balance in cushings vs addisison

Answer 13

CUSHINGS

–> sodium retention

–> potassium loss

–> hypertension

ADDISONS

–> sodium loss

–> potassium retention

–> hypotension

Question 14

general effects of addisons

Answer 14

• pigmentation of the skin**

Question 15

describe teh actions of mineralocorticoids

Answer 15

• Mineralocorticoids regulate the retention and excretion of minerals, esp of sodium
• aldosterone acts on kidney and large intestine
• aim is to retain sodium

–> stimulate uptake of sodium in the collecting duct of the kidney

–> stimulate uptake of sodium in large intestine

–> contributes to blood pressure

Question 16

actions of epinephrine

Answer 16

• Epinephrine regulates carbohydrate metabolism, but also heart output and other functions
• acts on muscle, liver, adipose tissue, heart and other organs
• aim is to prepare for fight or flight

–> stimulates energy generation (glycogen and glucose breakdown)

–> elevates heart contraction force

Question 17

describe the specific actions of epinephrine on organs

Answer 17

• muscle = stimulates glycolysis and glycogen breakdwon
• heart = increase contraction force
• salivary gland = stimulates amylase secretion
• adipose tissue = stimulates breakdown of storage fat
• Liver = stimulates glycogen breakdown and gluconeogenesis