Adrenal Glands and Kidneys

Question 1

What part of the adrenal gland secretes steroid hormones including cortisol, aldosterone, androgens, and estrogens?

Answer 1

Outer cortex

Question 2

What part of the adrenal glands produces cathecholamines?

Answer 2

Inner medulla

Question 3

The right adrenal gland is located where?

Answer 3

The right adrenal gland is located posterior to the inferior vena cava (IVC) at the level where the IVC enters the liver.

It is between the right lobe of the liver and the right crus of the diaphragm just above the upper pole of the right kidney.

Question 4

The left adrenal gland is located where?

Answer 4

The left adrenal gland lies just medial and anterior to the upper pole of the left kidney, posterior to the pancreas and splenic vessels, and lateral to the left crus of the diaphragm.

Question 5

The limbs of the adrenal glands measures how many cm in length? and how many mm in thickness?

Answer 5

4 to 5 cm in length

5 to 7 mm in thickness

Question 6

What is the imaging method of choice in the evaluation of hematuria?

Answer 6

CT-urogram (“CT-IVP”)

With the ability to perform rapid thin-slice high-resolution scans and to reformat the images in multiple anatomic planes, the CT-IVP offers optimal evaluation of the renal parenchyma with satisfactory assessment of the collecting systems, ureters, and bladder.

Question 7

CT urogram

The renal cortex enhances before the renal medulla, resulting in the characteristic ______ appearance.

Answer 7

Corticomedullary phase

Because the medulla is unenhanced, small medullary lesions may be missed during this phase.

Question 8

CT urogram

At approximately 120 seconds following the onset of contrast injection, the renal parenchyma is normally uniformly enhance.

This is at what phase?

Answer 8

Nephrogram phase

Question 9

CT urogram

Contrast filling of the collecting system and ureters is seen at 3 to 5 minutes.

This is at what phase?

Answer 9

Pyelogram phase

Question 10

This is a high-quality substitute for the CT-urogram, especially useful when CT is equivocal or when the use of iodinated contrast agents is contraindicated.

Answer 10

MR-urogram

MR urography provides effective evaluation of the uroepithelium even without intravenous contrast by utilizing T2WI showing the urinary tract as a static collection of fluid.

Question 11

The kidneys are located within the cone of renal fascia, which is also known as what?

Answer 11

Gerota fascia

Question 12

Part of the cortex which is immediately beneath the renal capsule.

Answer 12

Peripheral cortex

Question 13

Part of the cortex which extends down between the pyramids as the columns of Bertin.

Answer 13

Septal cortex

Question 14

This term refers to the innermost zone of the medulla, closest to the draining calyx.

Answer 14

Papilla

Question 15

The kidneys gradually increase in size from to age 20.

Renal length is relatively stable measuring how many cm from ages 20 to 50?

Answer 15

9 to 13 cm

Gradually decreases thereafter.

Question 16

This calyces are cup-shaped structures that drain one renal lobe.

Answer 16

Simple calyces

Question 17

This calyces drain several renal lobes and are more complex in shape.

Answer 17

Compound calyces

This are more common at the poles of the kidney and are more prone to intrarenal reflux.

Question 18

The main renal renal arteries originate laterally from the aorta, just below the origin of what artery?

Answer 18

Superior mesenteric artery

Question 19

The right renal artery courses posterior to what structure?

Answer 19

IVC

Question 20

The left renal artery courses posterior to what vessel?

Answer 20

Left renal vein