Adolescent- Firestone

Question 1

definition of adolescence

Answer 1

period between juvenile stage and adulthood during which
secondary sex charaacteristic appear
adolescent growth spurt takes place
fertility is attained
significant physiologic and psychological changes take place

Question 2

hormonal basis of adolescence and sexual maturation

Answer 2

puberty is a sexual phenomenon
levels of sex hormones change
genital and general growth mirror blood levels of sex hormones

Question 3

what does sex hormones cause?

Answer 3

accelerated growth of genitals
development of secondary sex characteristics
physiologic changes such as shrinkage of lymphoid tissue and accelerated general body growth

Question 4

what effect does sex hormones have on bones?

Answer 4

sex hormones stimulate cartilage growth (endochondral growth)= growth spurt
and an even greater increase in transformation of cartilage to bone

Question 5

sexual differences in adolescent growth spurt

Answer 5

adorescent growth spurt begins 1.5-2.0 years earlier in females than in males

Question 6

what kind of growth is affected by hormones?

Answer 6

general genital mandibular positively reflect the levels of ciculating hormone
maxilla and neural not affected by circulating sex hormones and therefore constant rate

Question 7

secondary sexual characteristics

Answer 7

good correlation between secondary characteristics and individual’s position on growth curve
growth in heigh correlates with jaw growth

Question 8

male growth spurt

Answer 8

beginning: growth
end: pigmented facial hair, mature voice
5 year duration

Question 9

female growth spurt

Answer 9

beginning: breast development
end: menarche
3+year duration

Question 10

growth status methods

Answer 10

hand wrist radiograph- compare epiphyseal growth plates of phalanges and radius and ulna
cervical vertebral maturation stage
serial ceph - superimpose tracings

Question 11

maxillary, mandibular vs. general growth

Answer 11

cephalocaudal growth gradient- structures closer to head growing sooner- reaching more of their adult size sooner than structures further away
genital( latest) >general>mandibular>maxillary

Question 12

differential jaw growth

Answer 12

mandible grows more and longer
mandible more prominent
profile becomes less convex

Question 13

sequence of growth

Answer 13

width stops before length (ap) before height
width stops before growth spurt except: alveolar arches widen in the area of molar eruption
length and height increase through puberty
height of face grows longer than length due to vertical growth of mandible

Question 14

permanent dentition eruption sequence/timing

Answer 14

max- 61245378
man- 61234578
mandibular 1st molar at 6
maxillary 1st molar a little later
mandibular central incisor a little later
maxillary central incisor at 7
mandibular lateral incisor a little later
maxillary lateral incisor at 8
maxillary 1st pm at 10
mandibular canine a little later
mandibular 1st pm at little later
maxillary 2nd pm at 11
mandibular 2nd pm a little later
maxillary canine 11.5
mandibular 2nd molar 12
max 2nd molar a little later

Question 15

replacing primary incisors

what is incisor liability?

Answer 15

permanent incisors lie lingual to primary incisors

they are 2-3.4mm/quadrant wider than primary - incisor liability

Question 16

what are the characteristics spacings?

Answer 16

development- spaces between incisors
primate- maxillary- mesial of canine
mand- distal of canine

Question 17

what are the solutions of incisor replacement?

Answer 17

normal spacing: developmental and primate
labial inclination eruption of permanent (maxillary) incisors - increase arch perimeter
increase in arch width across canines, these erupt buccally (max>mand, boys>girls)
direct repositioning of canines in mandible- incisors force mandibular canines distally into primate space

Question 18

incisor spacing and the chances of incisor crowding?

Answer 18

crowding at 5- 100% crowing at 13
0mm - 70%
0-3mm - 50%
3-6 mm- 20%
6+mm-0%

Question 19

ugly duckling stage

Answer 19

maxillary arch-central diastema suppose to close with eruption of lateral incisors
if not- ugly duckling stage- will close with eruption of canines

Question 20

leeway space

Answer 20

difference in m-d width between primary canine/molars and permanent canines/ premolars
upper- 1.3 per quadran- 2.6mm whole arch
lower- 3.1 per quadrant- 6.2 mmwhole arch

Question 21

what happens to the leeway space?

Answer 21

permanent molar move into leeway space

if anterior crowding is present– send to ortho before primary 2nd molars exfoliate

Question 22

what is the e-space?

Answer 22

difference in mesial distal width between primary second molars and permanent second premolars
max- 2.1
mand- 2.9

Question 23

what can be done with the espace?

Answer 23

if anterior crowding is present send to ortho before primary 2nd molars exfoliate

Question 24

primary molar occlusion

Answer 24

done with primary second molars
mesial step- mesiobuccal cusp in buccal groove of mand
flush terminal plane- top over laps bottom
dista; step- distal buccal cusp in buccal groove of mand

Question 25

what happens with early mesial shift?

Answer 25

if mandibular primate space is available during eruption of permanent 1st molar- flush terminal plane to mesial step at around 6
not im max bc not much primate space distal to canine

Question 26

whathappens to most flush terminal plane occlusion?

Answer 26

66% class 1
26% class 2
8% class 3

Question 27

what happens with late mesial shift?

Answer 27

e space available with eruption of permanent 2nd molar 11/12
mesial movement of molars- mandibular molars>maxillary molars (2.9 vs 2.1)
also differential growth with growth spurt- females- 10 years
males- around 12 years