Adolescent- Firestone Flashcards
definition of adolescence
period between juvenile stage and adulthood during which
secondary sex charaacteristic appear
adolescent growth spurt takes place
fertility is attained
significant physiologic and psychological changes take place
hormonal basis of adolescence and sexual maturation
puberty is a sexual phenomenon
levels of sex hormones change
genital and general growth mirror blood levels of sex hormones
what does sex hormones cause?
accelerated growth of genitals
development of secondary sex characteristics
physiologic changes such as shrinkage of lymphoid tissue and accelerated general body growth
what effect does sex hormones have on bones?
sex hormones stimulate cartilage growth (endochondral growth)= growth spurt
and an even greater increase in transformation of cartilage to bone
sexual differences in adolescent growth spurt
adorescent growth spurt begins 1.5-2.0 years earlier in females than in males
what kind of growth is affected by hormones?
general genital mandibular positively reflect the levels of ciculating hormone
maxilla and neural not affected by circulating sex hormones and therefore constant rate
secondary sexual characteristics
good correlation between secondary characteristics and individual’s position on growth curve
growth in heigh correlates with jaw growth
male growth spurt
beginning: growth
end: pigmented facial hair, mature voice
5 year duration
female growth spurt
beginning: breast development
end: menarche
3+year duration
growth status methods
hand wrist radiograph- compare epiphyseal growth plates of phalanges and radius and ulna
cervical vertebral maturation stage
serial ceph - superimpose tracings
maxillary, mandibular vs. general growth
cephalocaudal growth gradient- structures closer to head growing sooner- reaching more of their adult size sooner than structures further away
genital( latest) >general>mandibular>maxillary
differential jaw growth
mandible grows more and longer
mandible more prominent
profile becomes less convex
sequence of growth
width stops before length (ap) before height
width stops before growth spurt except: alveolar arches widen in the area of molar eruption
length and height increase through puberty
height of face grows longer than length due to vertical growth of mandible
permanent dentition eruption sequence/timing
max- 61245378 man- 61234578 mandibular 1st molar at 6 maxillary 1st molar a little later mandibular central incisor a little later maxillary central incisor at 7 mandibular lateral incisor a little later maxillary lateral incisor at 8 maxillary 1st pm at 10 mandibular canine a little later mandibular 1st pm at little later maxillary 2nd pm at 11 mandibular 2nd pm a little later maxillary canine 11.5 mandibular 2nd molar 12 max 2nd molar a little later
replacing primary incisors
what is incisor liability?
permanent incisors lie lingual to primary incisors
they are 2-3.4mm/quadrant wider than primary - incisor liability
what are the characteristics spacings?
development- spaces between incisors
primate- maxillary- mesial of canine
mand- distal of canine
what are the solutions of incisor replacement?
normal spacing: developmental and primate
labial inclination eruption of permanent (maxillary) incisors - increase arch perimeter
increase in arch width across canines, these erupt buccally (max>mand, boys>girls)
direct repositioning of canines in mandible- incisors force mandibular canines distally into primate space
incisor spacing and the chances of incisor crowding?
crowding at 5- 100% crowing at 13 0mm - 70% 0-3mm - 50% 3-6 mm- 20% 6+mm-0%
ugly duckling stage
maxillary arch-central diastema suppose to close with eruption of lateral incisors
if not- ugly duckling stage- will close with eruption of canines
leeway space
difference in m-d width between primary canine/molars and permanent canines/ premolars
upper- 1.3 per quadran- 2.6mm whole arch
lower- 3.1 per quadrant- 6.2 mmwhole arch
what happens to the leeway space?
permanent molar move into leeway space
if anterior crowding is present– send to ortho before primary 2nd molars exfoliate
what is the e-space?
difference in mesial distal width between primary second molars and permanent second premolars
max- 2.1
mand- 2.9
what can be done with the espace?
if anterior crowding is present send to ortho before primary 2nd molars exfoliate
primary molar occlusion
done with primary second molars
mesial step- mesiobuccal cusp in buccal groove of mand
flush terminal plane- top over laps bottom
dista; step- distal buccal cusp in buccal groove of mand
what happens with early mesial shift?
if mandibular primate space is available during eruption of permanent 1st molar- flush terminal plane to mesial step at around 6
not im max bc not much primate space distal to canine
whathappens to most flush terminal plane occlusion?
66% class 1 26% class 2 8% class 3
what happens with late mesial shift?
e space available with eruption of permanent 2nd molar 11/12
mesial movement of molars- mandibular molars>maxillary molars (2.9 vs 2.1)
also differential growth with growth spurt- females- 10 years
males- around 12 years
