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Fall 2023 > Adolescences > Flashcards

Adolescences Flashcards

1
Q

Cultural Trauma

A

occurs when members of a groups feel they’ve experienced a horrendous event that leaves a mark upon the consciousness.

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2
Q

Adolescences

A

The stage of development that begins with puberty and ends when individuals make the transition into adulthood

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3
Q

Puberty

A

period during which an individual becomes capable of reproduction

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4
Q

What are some manifestations of puberty?

A

primary and secondary sex characteristics; body hair, breasts, period, etc.

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5
Q

endocrine system

A

system of glands that produce, circulate, and regulate hormones

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6
Q

Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A

the key regulator of the reproductive axis

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7
Q

neurons role in puberty

A

Neurons (gray matter) and synapses (junctions between neurons) proliferate in the cerebral cortex and are then gradually pruned throughout adolescence

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8
Q

Hypothalamus

A

regulates levels of sex hormones (thermostat metaphor)

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9
Q

steps to release of androgens and estrogens

A

hypothalamus–> pituitary glad–> gonads–> sex hormones

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10
Q

Adrenarche

A

the maturation of the adrenal gland (during puberty)

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11
Q

What are the role of gonads?

A

gonadal steroids exert a strong influence on memory for social info and on social bonding

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12
Q

what causes puberty to happen?

A

you are born with everything you need to set off puberty- generally accepted that genetics determine when the HPG axis is awakened and signals body to start puberty

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13
Q

somatic development

A

growth in multiple different aspects- effective of hormonal changes of puberty are remarkable

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14
Q

secular trend

A

the trend that overtime people are maturing faster and growing bigger

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15
Q

what are examples of elements that effect onset of puberty

A

environment, genetics, nutrition levels, etc

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16
Q

what are examples of the immediate impact of puberty

A

physical changes affect self-image, mood, and relationships with parents

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17
Q

cognition

A

the processes involved in thinking and mental activity, such as attention, memory, and problem solving

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18
Q

what’s an example of cognitive ability adolescence have that kids don’t?

A

metacognition, grasping abstract concepts, thinking about possibilities, deductive reasoning, theory of mind (perspective taking), speed of processing, organization, selective attention, impulse control

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19
Q

adolescence egocentrism

A

extreme self- absorption

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20
Q

imaginary audience

A

a psychological state where an individual imagines and believes that multitudes of people are listening to or watching them

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21
Q

personal fable

A

an adolescence’s belief that they are unique and therefore not subject to rules that govern everyone- vaping, reckless driving, etc.

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22
Q

adolescent relativism

A

adolescents shift from viewing things as absolute to seeing things in multiple dimensions

23
Q

cognitive- developmental view

A

perspective based on piaget’s work- takes a qualitative, stage theory approach (sensorimotor period, preoperational period, concrete operations, formal operational)

24
Q

info-processing perspective

A

derives from the study of artificial intelligence

25
Q

working memory

A

aspect of memory in which info is held for a short time while a problem is being solved

26
Q

long- term memory

A

the ability to recall something from long ago

27
Q

at what age are adolescents proficient as adults in basic cognitive abilities

A

15

28
Q

Brain structure

A

The physical form and organization of the brain

29
Q

Brain function

A

Patterns of brain activity

30
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging - makes pictures of organs using magnetic field and pulses of radio wave energy

31
Q

fMRI

A

functional MRI- measures activity by detecting changes associated with blood flow

32
Q

Neurons

A

nerve cells- there are about 1 billion

33
Q

Synapse

A

gap in space b/t neurons, across neurotransmitters carry electrical

34
Q

neurotransmitters

A

endogenous chemicals that allow neurons to communicate with each other throughout the body

35
Q

synaptic pruning

A

process of eliminating unnecessary connections b/t neurons- this improves connectivity

36
Q

plasticity

A

the capacity of the brain to change in response to experience

37
Q

developmental plasticity

A

extensive remodeling of the brain’s circuitry in response to experiences during childhood and adolescence, while brain is still maturing

38
Q

Adult plasticity

A

relatively minor changes

39
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

region of the brain most important for sophisticated thinking abilities, such as planning, thinking ahead, weighing risks

40
Q

Dopamine

A

important for brain circuits regulating renewal

41
Q

serotonin

A

important for the experience of different moods

42
Q

social redefinition

A

the process through which an individual’s position or status is redefined

43
Q

how do we measure adolescence

A

time of puberty to time of marriage

44
Q

Inventionists

A

Theorists who argue that the period of adolescence is mainly a social invention

45
Q

how did industrialization effect how children were viewed

A

individualism was introduced and so children are seen as separate from there families and are encouraged to pursue careers diverting from the family

46
Q

child protectionists

A

individuals who argued, early in the twentieth century

47
Q

Teenager

A

A term popularized about 70 years ago to refer to young people; connotes young people having finical freedom and becoming their own demographic (to be sold to)

48
Q

Youth

A

Today, a term referring to individuals aged 18-22

49
Q

Emerging Adulthood

A

a new stage of life or luxury of the middle class?

50
Q

what are the 5 characteristics or emerging adulthood?

A
  1. Exploration of possible identities
  2. instability in work, romantic, living arrangement
  3. a focus on oneself
  4. feeling of limbo
  5. life holds lots of possibilities
51
Q

what are the two important dimensions involved in the process of social redefinition?

A
  1. Clarity
  2. Continuity
52
Q

Transition to adulthood in the U.S. is…

A

discontinuous

53
Q

What does it mean for a societies transition into adulthood to be continuous?

A

The transition into adulthood is abrupt and there is little to no preparation.

Fall 2023 (6 decks)

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